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61.
The authors apply a regression-discontinuity design to identify the causal impact of letter grades on student effort within a course, subsequent credit hours taken, and the probability of majoring in economics. Their methodology addresses key issues in identifying the causal impact of letter grades: correlation with unobservable factors, such as motivation, and direction of causation. They find no evidence that letter grades influence undergraduate students’ course-taking behavior or decision to major in economics. They find that, within a course, the first exam letter grade can affect student performance on the second exam. 相似文献
62.
Previous empirical studies of NAFTA have commonly used trade models that do not allow international capital flows to adjust to changes in regional trade arrangements such as NAFTA. This paper explores the dynamic implications of NAFTA with particular focus on the short-run and longer-run adjustment of financial capital. This adjustment affects the global allocation of physical capital and therefore changes the growth prospects for a country such as Mexico. Our results suggest that Mexico and the world economy gain more from NAFTA than merely a static reallocation of production possibilities. In the short run, the adjustment of financial capital affects nominal and real exchange rates. This adjustment is far more important for the short-term allocation of trade flows than partial equilibrium adjustment of trade based only on changes in long-term price differentials. 相似文献
63.
This paper tests the proposition that the interest rate in the standard money demand equation acts as a proxy for the expected change in interest rates. If this is true, the interest elasticity in the standard equation will depend on the expectations process for interest rates. Using cross-country data, we find that there does exist a relationship between the observed interest elasticity in the standard equation and the predictability of future interest rates from current interest rates. 相似文献
64.
Are the values of business students of today synchronized with the reality of the present business environment? Two hundred twenty-two business students rated the importance of twenty corporate goals. Moreover, the students rated the same goals as they perceived chief executive officers (CEOs) would have rated them. Significant differences were found between the two ratings, with students ranking social and employee-oriented goals as more important than they perceived CEOs would have. 相似文献
65.
Joyce E. Allen-Smith 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1994,22(4):7-24
This research documents the disadvantaged status of rural blacks. Many indicators of economic well-being reveal that rural
blacks lag behind both urban blacks and rural whites. Investments in human capital are critical for improving the economic
status of rural blacks; public assistance and equal opportunity policies are also important. Financing alternative policies
remains a major constraint to reducing the disparity between the economic well-being of rural blacks and their white counterparts
and between blacks in rural and urban communities. 相似文献
66.
In this paper we analyze the level of income inequality across states in 1970 and 1980 for several demographic groups. Furthermore, we examine the impact of labor force participation (LFP), education and other variables on inequality. We find that for tshe whole population, states with high LFP by females are states with low income inequality. The same holds true for states with high LFP for men. When we disaggregate by race, the results are quite consistent for whites, but not for blacks. States with relatively high education levels are associated with high inequality levels for the white cohort and the whole population, but there appears to be no similar association between education and inequality across states for blacks. 相似文献
67.
Joyce Doughty 《Food Policy》1976,1(5):427-428
68.
Joyce Yi-Hui Lee Carol Saunders Niki Panteli Tang Wang 《Information and Organization》2021,31(2):100354
A key challenge for managing interorganizational relationships in high-tech sectors is to design information sharing practices for supporting cooperative activities without leaking competitive proprietary information. In this paper, we use a qualitative multi-case study to explore the role of communication in supporting cooperative information sharing while keeping competitive information concerns at bay. We study two contrasting dyads of a Taiwanese buyer and Korean supplier in the digital home entertainment industry --- one which was a successful interorganizational relationship and led to further collaboration and the other which was unsuccessful and thus terminated. Drawing insights from Media Synchronicity Theory (MST), we develop a process model that explores the combination of communication media with communication content and processes for effective (ineffective) communication that promotes trust, information sharing and open communication in successful (unsuccessful) interorganizational relationships. 相似文献
69.
Amie T. Joyce Shravanthi R. Gandra Kathleen M. Fox Timothy W. Smith Michael W. Pill 《Journal of medical economics》2014,17(1):1-10
Objective:This study examined the proportion and magnitude of dose escalation nationally and regionally among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with TNF-blockers and estimated the costs of TNF-blocker therapy.Methods:This retrospective cohort study used claims data from US commercially-insured adult RA patients who initiated adalimumab, etanercept, or infliximab therapy between 2005–2009. Biologic-naïve patients enrolled in the health plan for ≥6 months before and ≥12 months after therapy initiation were followed for 12 months. Dose escalation was assessed using three methods: (1) average weekly dose?>?recommended label dose, (2) average ending dispensed dose?>?maintenance dose, and (3) average dose after maintenance dose?>?maintenance dose. Annual cost of therapy included costs for mean dose and drug administration fees.Results:Overall, 1420 etanercept, 874 adalimumab, and 454 infliximab patients were included. A significantly lower proportion of etanercept-treated patients had dose escalation using the average weekly dose (3.9% vs 21.4% adalimumab and 69.6% infliximab; p?0.0001), average ending dispensed dose (1.1% vs 10.6% adalimumab and 63.0% infliximab; p?0.0001), and average dose after maintenance dose methods (2.8% vs 15.7% adalimumab and 69.6% infliximab; p?0.0001). Regional dose escalation rates and magnitudes of escalation were directionally consistent with national rates. Etanercept had the lowest cost per treated RA patient ($19,690) compared to adalimumab ($23,020) and infliximab ($24,030).Limitations:Exclusion of patients not on continuous TNF-blocker therapy limits the generalizability; however, ~50% of patients were persistent on therapy for 12 months. The study population comprised RA patients in commercial health plans, thus the results may not be generalizable to Medicare or uninsured populations.Conclusions:In this retrospective study, etanercept patients had the lowest proportions and magnitudes of dose escalation across all methods compared to adalimumab and infliximab patients nationally and regionally. Mean annual cost was lowest for etanercept-treated patients. 相似文献
70.
Chin-Huang Huang Joyce Chun-Chu Yeh James Po-Hsun Hsiao 《Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research》2013,18(5):558-578
This paper aims to evaluate the willingness to pay (WTP) of visitors to reduce congestion and to segment the market of visitors by motivations. A double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method and survival analysis are adopted to estimate congestion costs for tourists. Analysis of variance is used to test the satisfaction and the WTP of tourists among the segmented motivation groups. Exploratory factor analysis method is conducted to extract four major factorial dimensions, and cluster analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of visitors' motivations into three clusters. The average amount that a tourist is willing to pay to mitigate congestion is US$2.22. The most important market segmentation is the “pursuit of multiple goals”, which has the largest segment of the market. Festival managers need to mitigate overcrowding and identify the segmentation information to develop effective strategies and to refine advertising campaigns to attract more people. 相似文献