METHODS OF ESTIMATING HOUSEHOLD EQUIVALENCE SCALES: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

This paper presents empirical evidence regarding key assumptions of the Rothbarth and Barten methods of constructing household equivalence scales. The assumption of separability in the Rothbarth model is investigated by examining the implied intra-household allocation of specific goods and by examining studies of economies of scale in household consumption. The assumption of the exogeneity of the distribution parameters in the Barten model is related to the results of empirical studies of clothing expenditures. This paper suggests that empirical evidence fails to support the assumptions maintained in these theoretically sophisticated models of household income equivalence.     

Earnings Attribution and Information Transfers

Managers frequently attribute the news in their earnings forecasts to various economic events. Using textual analysis, we identify the economic factors underlying earnings news from press releases. We document a wide range of industry‐wide shocks and firm‐specific actions to which the earnings news in management forecasts is attributed. As expected, earnings attributions significantly affect peer firms’ price reactions to the earnings news. Specifically, earnings news attributed to industry‐wide trends or firm structural changes leads to positive information transfers but earnings news attributed to firm competitive moves triggers negative information transfers. Information transfers are much stronger when each economic factor is mentioned the first time in a given industry‐year. Further analysis reveals that the strength of information transfers varies with firm‐level rivalry within the industry (i.e., similar business strategies, market position, and level of competition).     

Gender,life cycle,and family ‘strategies’ among the poor: the Barcelona workhouse, 1762–1805

Poor relief has received less attention from historians of southern Europe compared with northern Europe. This article seeks to challenge the frequent assumption that the strength of family ties in southern Europe mitigated the need for welfare provision. It provides new data for men and boys entering the Barcelona workhouse in the period 1780–1803, and compares these with data from an earlier study of women and girls who entered the same institution over the period 1762–1805. We establish the characteristics of those who sought relief in terms of age, place of origin, marital status, and occupation. We use the information on reasons for entry and exit to ascertain family circumstances. We show that there were significant differences between males and females in terms of why they entered and left, and length of stay, particularly among the elderly. The bulk of the population of the workhouse, however, was comprised of children and adolescents. For this group, entry into the workhouse represented not just a temporary solution to life cycle poverty and periodic unemployment, but also a longer‐term strategy aimed at smoothing entry into the labour market.     

Restructuring Japanese business through Kyosei: Capitalizing on international strategic alliances at the consumer level

Japan of the post-bubble era is the object of much reflection and speculation pertaining to risutora or restructuring of the economy. This study provides a novel, analytical perspective on the fundamental issues involved in the shift of momentum that characterizes Japanese business and economic restructuring. After examining the economic and corporate dimensions of the transitional forces that shape Japan's restructuring process, this study focuses on two powerful, yet often ignored, agents of change: the emergence of a new class of collaborative mandates, kyosei, and the rise of consumer power. The study further emphasizes the importance of planning and managing corporate-level restructuring activities with the interests of end users in mind, by empirically demonstrating the significance of strategic alliances, as a corporate restructuring option, on consumers. The results show that consumers' impression of alliances with Japanese firms have a strong effect on future attitudes toward each partnering brand. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

浅谈特区经济发展中的计算机教育

一、特区经济发展中计算机教育的重要作用 经济特区是中国经济体制改革的“试验田”，也是中国对外开放的“窗口”和通往世界的桥梁。1979年创办经济特区，经过5年的努力，取得初步成功。国务院马上推广特区经验，于1984年5月宣布开放了天津、上海、大连、秦皇岛等14个沿海城市。同年10月，中共中央又做出《关于经济体制改革的决定》，提出国内经济发达地区和比较不发达地区，沿海、内地和边疆，城市和农村，     

建设和谐深圳是一项社会创新工程

建设和谐深圳是一个观念更新的过程。它要求全社会牢固树立以人为本的发展观,以追求效率、公平和协同,改革、发展和稳定,经济、社会和生态等社会进步的集群目标代替追求单一的发展目标,在继续保持经济的健康快速增长、加快改善人民物质生活的同时,加快政治文明、精神文明和生态文明建设,使经济的健康发展建立在社会、生态健康发展的基础上。在社会营造一种鼓励竞争与倡导合作,支持强者与关怀弱者、追求经济利益和社会总体利益相对均衡的发展氛围,促进社会进步的协同性和安全性,高度关注和努力抑制因社会转型、利益调整、梯度发展和要素流动…     

第三方物流组织管理模式浅析

随着现代信息技术的发展,在发达国家现代物流已成为新兴支柱产业,在降低资源消耗和提高生产效率之后,被称为“第三种利润源泉”。物流市场的兴起使得第三方物流的作用也越来越被人所重视,第三方物流国外常称之为契约物流、物流联盟或物流外部化,是20世纪80年代中期才在欧美发达国家出现的概念,目前国内外都还没有确切的定义,一个公认的划分是把独立与产、销之外的其他物流活动的承担者统称为第三方物流。第三方物流已越来越成为物流市场的主体,在美国有57%的物流量是通过第三方物流业完成的,在社会化配送发展得最好的日本,第三方物流业占整…     

企业核心竞争力新论——“识时务者为俊杰”的启示

目前，关于企业核心竞争力的研究论著很多，但尚没有形成一个让各类企业都认同；并具有操作性的观点，而且存在一个共同的不足，那就是没有从企业生存和发展的根本人手去进行研究，而企业生存和发展的根本就是企业对生存和发展机会的把握。本文尝试从这一新的视角人手，对企业核心竞争力的本质、核心竞争力的载体、现代企业应具备什么样的核心竞争力等问题进行了深入研究。     

Reviving brand loyalty: A reconceptualization within the framework of consumer-brand relationships

This paper uses the perspective of interpersonal relationship theory to critically examine, reposition, and extend the notion of brand loyalty. Depth interviews among eight coffee-consuming adults who qualified as brand loyal by traditional criteria provide the data. The result is a deeper appreciation of the character of loyal consumer-brand relations and a sharper awareness of the limitations to understanding that current theoretical frameworks impose. Specifically, the authors suggest that: (1) not all loyal brand relationships are alike, in strength or in character; (2) many brand relationships not identified as ‘loyal’ according to dominant theoretical conceptions are especially meaningful from the cunsumer's point of view; and (3) current approaches to classification accept some brand relationships that, upon close scrutiny, do not possess assumed characteristics of ‘loyalty’ or ‘strength’ at all. Ideas stemming from a reframing of loyalty as one component in a multifaceted construct of relationship strength are put forth, encouraging a move from the metaphor of ‘loyalty’ to the broader notion of ‘relationships’ that encompasses it.