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241.
This study complements the inclusive growth literature by examining the determinants and consequences of the middle class in a continent where economic growth has been relatively high. The empirical evidence is based on a sample of 33 African countries for a 2010 cross-sectional study. Ordinary least squares, two-stage-least squares, three-stage-least squares and seemingly unrelated regressions estimation techniques are employed to regress a plethora of middle class indicators, notably, the: floating, middle-class with floating, middle-class without floating, lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income categories. Results can be classified into two main strands. First, results on determinants broadly show that GDP per capita and education positively affect all middle class dependent variables. However, we establish a negative nexus for the effect of ethnic fragmentation, political stability in general and partially for economic vulnerability. Simple positive correlations have been observed for: the size of the informal sector, openness and democracy. Second, on the consequences, the middle class enables the accumulation of human and infrastructural capital, while its effect is null on political stability and democracy in the short run but positive for governance and modernisation. Policy implications are discussed. 相似文献
242.
In this paper, we formally discuss the Sarewitz-Nelson rules for technological fixes (SN-rules). In their original form, the SN-rules were formulated from an implicit theoretical framework such that they define a broad technology assessment heuristic. This formulation has advantages and disadvantages. In this work, we propose that it is possible to make advances in the interpretation and use of the SN-rules, if we formally consider them as a procedure for technology screening, integrated within a wider process of technology choice and policy-making. This conception helps us to assess the nature and applicability of the SN-rules in different contexts, and allows us to position them as a contribution to the economic theory of technology policy. 相似文献
243.
This paper analyzes how fiscal policies and credit constraints can affect the impact of macroeconomic volatility on long-run growth. The model by Aghion et al. (2005) is extended by allowing for governmental fiscal policy over the business cycle. The analysis shows that in an economy facing credit constraints, an increase in volatility will result in lower mean growth, and all the more the less financially developed and the more procyclical the fiscal policy is. The main implication is that in countries with lower degrees of financial development, countercyclical fiscal policies are particularly important in reducing the negative consequences of adverse aggregate shocks on firms' long-run investments. An empirical analysis is finally conducted using different groups of countries that confirm the theoretical predictions. 相似文献
244.
Collaborating with customers is considered a new source of competitive advantage so customer participation and involvement are emerging as key strategic factors. This research studies how interactivity and personalization influence both customers' participation during the online purchase of information services and their intentions to continue participating. It also analyzes whether personalization and interactivity improve customer involvement with the service purchased in online environments. Results verify the importance of interactivity and personalization to foster customer participation, involvement and intentions to continue participating. Moreover, it is found that interactivity moderates the effect of personalization, increasing its influence on service involvement and intentions to participate. This paper demonstrates the convenience of analyzing involvement and participation together in order to understand customer collaboration, as well as the importance of the purchase context from a participation and socialization perspective in the services arena. 相似文献
245.
We develop a two-country, multi-sector model of oligopoly in which unionised and non-unionised sectors interact in general equilibrium. The model is used to study the impact of trade liberalisation, deunionisation and firm entry on wages in unionised and non-unionised sectors, and on welfare. We find that a shift from autarky to free trade increases non-union wages and welfare, whereas the effect on union wages is ambiguous. We also show that partial deunionisation leads to higher wages in both unionised and non-unionised sectors, but only increases welfare when the proportion of unionised sectors is sufficiently low. Finally, wages in non-unionised sectors necessarily increase with firm entry, while the response of union wages and welfare depends on the trade regime. 相似文献
246.
Do all countries follow the same growth process? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We estimate finite-mixture models in which countries are sorted into groups based on the similarity of the conditional distributions
of their growth rates. We observe countries growth experiences over the 1970–2000 period and find evidence for a model in
which there are two classes of countries, each with its own distinct growth regime. Group membership does not conform to the
usual categories used to address parameter heterogeneity such as region or income. We find strong evidence that the quality
of institutions and specifically, the degree of law and order, helps to sort countries into different regimes. Once we control
for institutional features of the economy, we find no evidence that geographic features such as latitude and being landlocked
play a role in determining the country groupings. 相似文献
247.
Dawn R. DeTienne Dean A. Shepherd Julio O. De Castro 《Journal of Business Venturing》2008,23(5):528-546
Under-performing firms persist even though existing theoretical perspectives indicate that they should be selected out of the market. Building upon threshold theory [Gimeno, J., Folta, T., Cooper, A., Woo, C., 1997. Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms. Administrative Science Quarterly 42, 750–783.] and using Staw's [Staw, B.M., 1981. The escalation of commitment to a course of action. Academy of Management Review 6 (4), 577–587.] theoretical model of commitment to a course of action, we explore and test the factors that lead entrepreneurs to persist with under-performing firms. We found environmental munificence, personal investment, personal options, previous organizational success, and perceived collective efficacy impact the decision to persist with an under-performing firm. In addition, extrinsic motivation moderates those relationships. This research adds to the growing literature on highly persistent, under-performing firms and complements and extends threshold theory. 相似文献
248.
Andrés Gómez-Lobo Julio Peña-Torres Patricio Barría 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,48(4):651-678
In 2001 an individual (operationally transferable) quota system was introduced for all the most important industrial fisheries
in Chile. This system was put in place after years of declining stocks and over investment. In this paper we describe this
reform and estimate related allocative efficiency benefits for the most important industrial fishery in the country, the southern
pelagic fishery. Benefits were estimated using a bioeconomic model estimated using data for the 1985–2004 period. The estimated
model was then used to generate simulated scenarios of the evolution of this fishery in a 20 year horizon with and without
the ITQ system in place. The benefits of the reform can then be estimated by comparing the fishery’s costs in the scenarios
with and without ITQs. This approach allows benefits to be estimated using more realistic counterfactual scenarios than just
comparing the fishery before and after the reform. Estimated discounted net benefits reach US $166 million in the period 2001–2020.
Fleet size fell from 149 active boats in 2000 to 57 in 2004 as a direct consequence of the reform. Among the interesting features
of the Chilean experience is the way the political economy of the reform was facilitated by the prior introduction of de facto
individual quotas within the framework of fishery experimental activities. When the authorities closed the southern pelagic
fishery because of biological problems between 1997 and 2000, they organized ‘experimental’ fishing expeditions in which participant
boats were given the right to fish a certain amount of resources per expedition. This pseudo quota system allowed fishermen
to experience directly the benefits of individual quotas and that was instrumental to the political agreement leading to the
reform. It is important to note that the Chilean southern industrial pelagic fishery has average catches of over 1.4 million
tons a year, making it one of the largest fisheries in the world to be regulated by individual quotas. 相似文献
249.
G. Julio López 《World development》1983,11(5):455-465
The paper begins by sketching the build up to the recent crisis of the Mexican economy. Then it examines the strategic alternatives which are open in the future. The author points out that the present situation is ‘fluid’ and that two extremely different strategic options are shaping up: one which could be called nationalist and with a populist orientation; and the other which would prefer simply to reformulate the previous model of growth. Finally, the short-term economic perspectives are analysed and some factors will be considered which may well be included in an economic strategy of a nationalist and populist orientation. 相似文献
250.
Julio 《Annals of Tourism Research》2003,30(4):964-966