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701.
    
This paper considers the relationship between financial frictions and investment. In an effort to clarify the role of cash flow in examining the impact of capital market imperfections, endogenous switching regression models are estimated for a panel of 1122 UK firms listed on the London Stock Exchange over the period of 1981–2009. Not only is the financial regime which the firm faces endogenous, we also allow the regime to change over time via modeling efficiency using stochastic frontier analysis. The results reveal that a firm's constrained credit status changes with the improvement of its efficiency. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that financially constrained firm's investment is comparatively more sensitive to its cash flow. Moreover, this sensitivity is statistically significant and is negatively related with corporate efficiency.  相似文献   
702.
The attempt to define the term “competitiveness of nations” has reached the phase of decreasing returns. Fortunately, the literature seems to be converging slightly, a tendency, we hope to accelerate. We propose (1) defining competitiveness as “the ability of a country or location to create welfare.” We maintain (2) that a comprehensive evaluation contains an output evaluation and a process evaluation. We claim (3) that the output evaluation (competitiveness achieved) is closely related to a welfare assessment, with a specific slant and stepwise operationalisations. Furthermore, (4) process evaluation (investigating the ability) is related to the analysis of production and technology functions, adding qualitative elements like strategies, and the strengths and weaknesses of a country. This consensus is at variance with the concept of price competitiveness; it sidelines the importance of external balances, while the productivity approach to competitiveness is nested within. Dangerous obsessions and wrong policy conclusions can never be excluded, but are much less likely if we use this approach to competitiveness—as compared to concepts focusing on price competitiveness or on external balances. Specifically, the greater competitiveness of one country must not necessarily go hand in hand with lower competitiveness in other countries. In advanced countries specifically, policies promoting the ability to create welfare will create positive spillovers into other economies.  相似文献   
703.
Zusammenfassung Die ?monetaristische Revolution? in der Geldtheorie. — Vier Hauptgedanken konstituieren die monetaristische Hypothese: (a) die preistheoretische Erkl?rung des Transmissionsmechanismus, (b) die dynamische Stabilit?t des privaten Sektors, (c) das Vorherrschen der monet?ren Impulse im Bereich der Impulsfaktoren und (d) eine ungef?hre Trennung zwischen Bestimmungsgr?\en mit allokativen und aggregativen Auswirkungen. Diese Konzeption beeinflu\t entscheidend die Beurteilung des geldund finanzpolitischen Instrumentariums. Vor allem verschwindet die zentrale Rolle der Finanzpolitik. Es verschwindet auch die Rechtfertigung für prononcierte Variationen der Geldpolitik. Es erweist sich auch, da\ angelaufene inflatorische Prozesse nur sehr allm?hlich oder nur mit sehr hohen Sozialkosten beendet werden k?nnen. Eine rasche Beendigung von inflatorischen Prozessen wird im allgemeinen hohe Sozialkosten erfordern. Versuche zur raschen Beendigung sind deshalb mit gro\er Wahrscheinlichkeit zum Scheitern verurteilt.
Résumé La révolution monétariste dans la théorie de l’argent. —Quatre propositions cardinales constituent l’hypothèse monétariste: a. l’explication du mécanisme de transmission au moyen de la théorie du prix, b. la stabilité dynamique du secteur privé, c. la dominance parmi les forces impulsives des impulsions monétaires, d. une séparation approximative des quantités déterminantes aux effets allocatifs de celles aux effets agrégatifs. Cette conception est d’une importance décisive dès qu’on veut juger des instruments de politique monétaire et financière. Surtout n’existe plus le r?le central de la politique financière. De même, n’existe plus de justification pour des variations prononcées de politique monétaire. Il appara?t en outre qu’un processus inflationniste une fois commencé ne peut être arrêté que très graduellement, ou bien avec des co?ts sociaux très élevés. Pour arrêter vite un tel processus il faudra en général des co?ts sociaux élevés. Il est donc extrêmement probable que tout effort de couper court à ces processus ne réussira pas.

Resumen La ?revolution monetarista? en la teoria monetaria. —Cuatro son los pilares de la hipótesis monetarista, a saber: (a) la explicatión en conceptos de la teoría de precios del mecanismo de transmisión; (b) la estabilidad dinámica del sector privado; (c) la preponderancia de los impulsos monetarios en una economía dinámica; (d) una identificación aproximada de las variables déterminantes con efectos alocativos y agregativos. Este concepto influye de una manera tajante en la apreciaci?n del instrumentario monetario y fiscal. Más que nada, desaparece el papel central desempe∼nado por la politica fiscal. Y desaparece también la justificación para alteraciones pronunciadas en la polftica monetaria. Queda evidenciado que con un proceso de inflaci?n prolongado puede acabarse o bien paulatinamente o bien adoptando un procedimiento drástico que sin embargo entra∼naría un costo económico y social muy elevado. Debido a ello, cabe esperar que todo intento de poner fin rápidamente a la inflaci?n fracasará.

Riassunto La ?rivoluzione monetaria? nella teoria délia moneta. —Quattro idee principali costituiscono l’ipotesi monetaria: a) la spiegazione teorica dei prezzi del meccanismo di trasmissione, b) la stabilità dinamica del settore privato, c) il predominare degli impulsi monetari nell’ambito dei fattori d’impulso e d) una separazione approssimativa tra grandezze determinant con ripercussioni allocative e aggregative. Questa concezione influenza decisamente il giudizio dell’istrumentario monetario e politico finanziario. Soprattutto scompare il ruolo centrale délia politica finanziaria. Scompare anche la giustificazione per variazioni pronunciate delia politica monetaria. Risulta anche ehe ad avviati processi inflazionistici può essere posto termine soltanto assai gradualmente o solamente con altissimi costi sociali. Una rapida fine di processi inflazionistici richiederà in générale alti costi sociali. Tentativi per la rapida fine sono condannati perciò con grande probabilità all’insuccesso.
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704.
Since the inception of supply management in Canada during the 1970s, milk production quota has been used to regulate output and participation in the dairy industry. In recent years, milk quota values have increased dramatically, almost tripling in value since the mid 1980s. This led to the Dairy Farmers of Ontario intervening on the milk production quota exchange on two occasions: first, in November 2006 with a progressive transfer assessment and then in July 2009, replacing the former policy with a firm price ceiling—fixing the unit price of quota at $25,000. These policies represent a significant redistribution of economic benefits from milk producers selling their quota to those remaining in the industry. The objective of this study is to first explore the reasons for the increase in production quota values; and second, to assess the welfare and distributional effects of each of the two quota policy schemes. Our results suggest that the increase in quota values were driven by basic economic factors and that the efficiency losses from intervention in the quota exchange are nontrivial. We conclude by suggesting there are several alternative policy options that could minimize efficiency losses while moderating the escalation in quota values. Depuis la mise en place du système de gestion de l’offre au Canada dans les années 1970, les quotas laitiers sont utilisés pour régulariser la production et la participation dans l’industrie laitière. Au cours des dernières années, la valeur des quotas laitiers a fait un bond considérable et a pratiquement triplé depuis le milieu des années 1980. Cette situation a amené la Dairy Farmers of Ontario à intervenir à deux reprises dans le système d’échange de quotas laitiers : en novembre 2006, en imposant l’établissement d’un transfert progressif et en juillet 2009, en remplaçant la politique précédente par l’établissement d’un prix plafond ferme fixéà 25 000 $. Ces politiques permettent une importante redistribution des avantages économiques lorsque des producteurs de lait vendent leurs quotas à des producteurs qui demeurent dans le secteur. La présente étude visait d’abord à examiner les raisons qui sous‐tendent l’augmentation de la valeur des quotas de production et ensuite àévaluer le bien‐être et les effets distributifs de chaque plan de quotas. Les résultats de notre étude autorisent à penser que l’augmentation de la valeur des quotas a été motivée par des facteurs économiques fondamentaux et que les pertes d’efficacité découlant de l’intervention dans les échanges de quotas n’étaient pas sans importance. En conclusion, nous estimons qu’il existe plusieurs politiques de rechange qui pourraient minimiser les pertes d’efficacité tout en modérant l’escalade de la valeur des quotas.  相似文献   
705.
    
The environmental company strategy of the case company Oslo Sporveier includes scenarios for the development of person transport in Oslo up to year 2016. The basis for three different scenarios is described. This paper presents the use of scenarios as background for environmental reporting. Emissions, energy, land and time use from person transport in the three different scenarios were determined. The scenarios were (i) a private car scenario, where the main growth in person transport is to be met with a strong increase in the use of private cars, (ii) a public transport scenario, where the increase in person transport is to be taken care of with a strong increase in the public transport, and (iii) the sustainability scenario, with a reduction in total person transport, increased share of public transport and walking/bicycling, and reduced share of private car use. The total energy use, CO2 emissions, NOx emissions and particle emissions from person transport in Oslo are reduced in all three scenarios compared with the situation in 1996. The reduction is smallest in the private car scenario and largest in the sustainability scenario. The land use increases in the private car scenario and the public transport scenario, while there is a reduction in land use in the sustainability scenario. The total time consumption connected to person transport increases in all three scenarios. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.  相似文献   
706.
This article defines qualitative data as representations of human acts and utterances, conventionally analysed in the form of long, coherent texts. The purpose of qualitative research is to interpret the actors' understandings and intentions.On the background of this definition, I make a distinction between variable-coding and theme-coding and between code-oriented and content-oriented analysis. Variable-coding of the text-content should be avoided, since this implies reducing multi-dimensional qualitative data to single-dimensional data. However, variable-coding of background-information can be used together with theme-coding of the text-content without corrupting the qualitative data. I call this approach structured, qualitative comparison. In that way it is possible to retain the many levels of meaning of qualitative data throughout the research-process, while focusing on the importance of macro-variables or scope-conditions, which indicate the potential area of validity of the findings.By examples from a comparison of Norwegian and German factories, I demonstrate the usefulness of such a content-oriented analysis-style for qualitative research, as well as for combining qualitative and quantitative data. In this way, the basic characteristics of qualitative data are preserved throughout the research-process.  相似文献   
707.
708.
709.
    
We offer a guide to the recent literature on the problem of fair allocation, and we present various concepts that have been developed in this literature and the various economic environments in the context of which they have been analyzed.  相似文献   
710.
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