Fighting against the odds

The fight for power is not only over immediate rents, but also over advantageous positions in future power struggles. When incumbency yields an extra fighting edge, current struggles involve high stakes as a victory today may guarantee the victory also tomorrow. Such an incumbency edge may stem from the control of the army, the police and other instruments reserved for the government. The conclusions drawn from static conflict models are turned on their head when the fight is also over the incumbency edge. A sharper incumbency edge increases the implicit prizes of winning. The fighting intensity may therefore rise when the strength of each side becomes more unequal. Unbalanced fights can last long and become particularly severe. This is in contrast to the standard result that equal strengths give the most intense fighting. Received: June 2004, Accepted: December 2004, We want to thank the editor and a referee.     

Modeling Financial Integration,Intra-EMU and Asian-US External Imbalances

Intra-EMU external imbalances in the pre-crisis period up to 2008 are traditionally explained by EMU-oriented factors, e.g. euro-related financial integration. Chen et al. (2013) also emphasize external trade shocks, such as the competitive challenge of emerging Asia and oil exporters to EMU-periphery’s exports. Moreover, Asian-U.S. external imbalances are attributed to financial integration between East Asia and the USA in the aftermath of the East-Asian currency crises in the late 1990s (Angeletos and Panoussi 2011). Acknowledging these empirical facts this paper develops a Buiter (1981) three-country (EMU, Asia, US), two-region (EMU core, EMU periphery) OLG model to investigate the effects of both intra-EMU and Asian-U.S. financial integration on intra-EMU, Asian and U.S. external imbalances. We find that the widening of the intra-EMU external imbalances, in particular of trade imbalances, is related to the growth in Asian-U.S. imbalances and the dynamic inefficiency of the world economy, caused by excessive saving in Asia.     

LA GESTION DES ENTREPRISES MUNICIPALES ENTRE MISSIONS DE SERVICE PUBLIC ET AUTONOMIE*

RESUME: Dam les Etats fédéraux, comme en Allemagne, les entreprises communales font partie intégrante de l'autommie de gestion locale par la mise à disposition d'une certaine infrastructure. Dernièrement, du côtéétatique et scientifique, on réclame de plus en plus une gestion de type commercial pour les entmprises publiques, et donc communales, d'infrastructure (approvisionnement, transport, évacuation). Cet article postule, à l'encore de ces tendances à l'uniformisation, de clairement marquer la distinction entre les fournisseurs privés et ceux du service public en raison de leur objet social différent. Même si la problématique de fond d‘une gestwn tutélaire d‘une entreprise est la même dam le secteur public que dans le secteur privé, le contnôle du comportement des gestwnnaires engagés est toutefois fort différent. La reddition de comptes de type commercial - qui est proposée également pour les entreprises publiques - permet plutôt de contnôler la gestion commerciale que cell d'un service public. Dam les deux cas, le contrôle comptable est complété par des dispositions organisationnelles. Dans le cas (d'infrastrmture), ces dispositions doivent satisfaire des exigemes différentes et nettement plus importantes que celles d'gpplication dans le secteur commercial en raison de la faible signification des résultats commerciaux dam le secteur public.