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51.
Von Dr. Karl Goldziher 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(1):72-96
Abstract Im Anschluss an die im Jahre 1916 erschienene Monographie von E. J. Gumbel: “Die Berechnung des Bevölkerungsstandes durch Interpolation” (Leipzig, Vogel) hat Verfasser dieser Zeilen den formalen Aufbau der für die Praxis einfachsten Interpolationsmethoden der mathematisch-statistischen Behandlung zugeführt; auf dieser Grundlage hat dann Gumbel die so erhaltenen verallgemeinerten Ansätze bereits auf praktische Fragen der Bevölkerungslehre angewendet. Im Folgenden sollen einige Resultate dieser Untersuchungen mitgeteilt werden, und zwar in Hinblick darauf, dass dieselben bei der Konstruktion von Volkssterbetafeln und bei der Ausarbeitung der Deckungssysteme in der Socialversicherung Verwendung finden können. Die für die Statistik und für die wirtschaftliche, Mathematik (z. B. Grundlegung der Zinsfunktionen). so wichtigen Mittelwertoperationen erscheinen erst durch die nähere methodische Bearbeitung in der für die zielbewusste Anwendung notwendigen Beleuchtung. Die mathematische Diskussion der Mittelwert-Interpolationen dünkt uns vom statistischen Gesichtspunkt als wesentlich, wenn auch der Verwaltungsstatistiker für primitivere Zwecke eine kürzere Behandlung der präcisen Auseinandersetzung bevorzugt. Dieser Standpunkt erweist sich als gerechtfertigt, sobald man — wie es z. B. in der Lebensversicherungstechnik der Fall ist — nicht nur Abschätzungen im Grossen vornimmt, sondern auf Grundlage des empirischen Materials feinere Berechnungen anstellt, deren numerisches Resultat von der Präcision der Ausgleichungsprocesse abhängt. Hauptziel der folgenden Betrachtung ist die genauere Festlegung der in der Verwaltungsstatistik üblichen rohen Interpolationsansätze, um auf diesem Wege solche Formeln zu gewinnen, die den Erfahrungen besser angepasst werden können und die es weiterhin ermöglichen, dass die Berechnung der auf den Interpolationsprocess beruhenden wichtigern Masszahlen (z. B. verlebte Zeit, Vermehrungsintensität, Fixirung partieller Bevölkerungsmassen, etc.) einer mathematjschen Kritik unterworfen werden können. 相似文献
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With the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) nearly complete, there are concerns that the easy gains in efficiency have been achieved and that additional steps towards the economic integration of the member countries are required. This poses a distinct challenge to the NAFTA governments, since the agreement did not create trinational institutions with the supranational authority to facilitate the deepening of the new trading environment. In any initiative to further the economic integration of the NAFTA countries, agriculture will be a difficult sector in which to make progress. However, at an aggregate level, the support provided directly to agricultural producers by the NAFTA governments is similar, as are tariffs at an aggregate level. All three countries have devised income support programmes that contain a countercyclical element. In each of these areas, as well as in the operation of ‘green box’ programmes that are consistent with the member countries’ obligations to the World Trade Organization, cooperation and consultation among the NAFTA members would seem crucial if they are to achieve greater integration in the agrifood sector. This article examines the opportunities and challenges facing the NAFTA members as they seek further integration in the agrifood sector. 相似文献
54.
A survey on pickup and delivery problems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper is the first part of a comprehensive survey on pickup and delivery problems. Basically,
two problem classes can be distinguished. The first class, discussed in this paper, deals with the transportation
of goods from the depot to linehaul customers and from backhaul customers to the depot. This class is denoted
as Vehicle Routing Problems with Backhauls (VRPB). Four subtypes can be considered, namely the Vehicle Routing
Problem with Clustered Backhauls (VRPCB – all linehauls before backhauls), the Vehicle Routing Problem
with Mixed linehauls and Backhauls (VRPMB – any sequence of linehauls and backhauls permitted), the
Vehicle Routing Problem with Divisible Delivery and Pickup (VRPDDP – customers demanding delivery
and pickup service can be visited twice), and the Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Delivery and
Pickup (VRPSDP – customers demanding both services have to be visited exactly once). The second class,
dealt with in the second part of this survey, refers to all those problems where goods are transported between
pickup and delivery locations. These are the Pickup and Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem (PDVRP –
unpaired pickup and delivery points), the classical Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP – paired pickup
and delivery points), and the Dial-A-Ride Problem (DARP – passenger transportation between paired
pickup and delivery points and user inconvenience taken into consideration). Single as well as multi vehicle
versions of the mathematical problem formulations are given for all four VRPB types, the corresponding exact,
heuristic, and metaheuristic solution methods are discussed.
相似文献
55.
Abstract . For more than a generation, contemporary mainland Chinese have lived under first a military dictatorship and now a political party dictatorship. How to explain to an eager Chinese academic audience what the American dream of ‘liberty and justice for all’—realized only in part in some areas but approached progressively nearer in others—really means? The U.S. has predominantly a capitalist system but its people are committed to equality of opportunity. It tempers ‘rugged individualism’ by concern for the poor, the handicapped and the unfortunate. It has many serious economic, social and cultural problems but its citizens, drawn from most of the peoples of the world—not the special interest groups trying to benefit at the expense of others—are determined to solve them equitably and rationally. The trade and budget deficits are related to government instrumentalities. 相似文献
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58.
Lead users and the adoption and diffusion of new products: Insights from two extreme sports communities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lead users are proposed as a valuable resource for marketers in terms of the (1) development, (2) adoption, and (3) diffusion
of new products. We present the first consumer study to provide evidence that the latter two suggestions are justified. First,
we find that lead users demonstrate stronger domain-specific innovativeness than more “ordinary” users. Second, lead users
perceive new technologies as less “complex” and might therefore be better prepared to adopt them. Third, we find that lead
users demonstrate stronger opinion leadership and weaker opinion seeking tendencies. Finally, we discuss the implications
of our findings for the marketing of new products. 相似文献
59.
Patricia Born James Bradley Karl Lawrence Powell 《Risk Management & Insurance Review》2024,27(1):41-55
Contributions to election campaigns are tracked by the National Institute on Money in State Politics. In this paper, we use this data to examine patterns in political campaign contributions made by the insurance industry. We compile a state-level data set that aggregates over 67,000 election campaign contributions to insurance regulators and governors; we show that candidate incumbency status is associated with a 20% to 30% increase in the share of contributions made to the incumbent insurance regulator's political party. Because incumbents are overwhelmingly favored to win elections, the industry's behavior suggests that insurers are more concerned with access to the elected official than with supporting a candidate that shares the industry's goals. 相似文献
60.
Karl Widerquist 《Journal of economic issues》2013,47(4):1054-1056