Editorial

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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Editorial

     

Top Incomes in Chile: A Historical Perspective on Income Inequality, 1964–2017

We present a novel series of Chilean top-income shares covering half a century, mainly based on income-tax declarations and the National Accounts. Such a time frame of analysis is still rare in the literature of developing countries. We distinguish between a fiscal-income series (1964–2017) and an adjusted series (1990–2017). The former covers individual income, while the latter also includes corporate undistributed profits, which affects both levels and trends. The fiscal-income estimates start with low levels and a decreasing trend over the 1960s. They then increase rapidly during the dictatorship years (1973–89). The series ends with a high, yet slowly decreasing, concentration for most of the recent democratic period (1990–2017). By contrast, the adjusted series has followed a U-shape since the return of democracy, contradicting the established consensus on falling inequality over the period. Furthermore, Chile ranks among the most unequal countries in both the OECD and Latin American countries over the period.     

Effect of type 1 diabetes on school performance in a dynamic world: new analysis exploring Swedish register data

This paper investigates if the effect of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on school performance, documented in prior research, has changed in more recent birth cohorts of children using national Swedish population register data. The issue is of interest because management and treatment of the disease have improved over the last decades and, furthermore, because of changes in the educational grading system. Despite these changes, data indicate a persistent negative effect of T1DM on compulsory and upper secondary school grades with a standardized effect size of ?0.109 and ?0.070, respectively, and the results appear only marginally smaller compared to earlier findings in cohorts completing school under the previous grading system. Moreover, the results are consistent for alternative model specifications and econometric estimation strategies. Whereas access to new treatment technologies and improved diabetes management strategies has reduced the burden of diabetes in daily life, the results from this study indicate that continued efforts are needed to improve the situation in school for children with T1DM to prevent potential long-term socio-economic consequences.     

Economic models of fish shoal (school) size: a near comprehensive view of single species shoaling strategy

This paper extends theory of shoaling presented by Landa (1998), which uses the economic theory of clubs (Buchanan 1965). The findings include that non-patchy feeding shoals formed for defense increase in size with increased predation and decline in size with increased food concentration. There is strong evidence for the former and a piece of evidence for the latter. The size of shoals formed to find patches of food is unaffected by food availability. When defense is also involved, increasing predation increases shoal size and increasing food availability decreases shoal size. The optimum size of migrating schools—synchronized and polarized swimming shoals—is often the whole population migrating, explaining the mammoth size of some schools. Further, mergers of schools are forecast along the migration route with larger schools at the end of the route than at the beginning. When there is no defense motive for shoaling, non-patchy feeders may form large schools under low food density and be solitary under high food density. Small schools might not be found. When there is also a defense motivation for shoaling, small schools are possible. For schools formed among patchy feeders, increased food availability decreases school size. The same finding holds for schooling among patchy feeders where an added shoal benefit is defense. Also under these circumstances, increased predation increases shoal size.     

Comparing TV Ads and Advergames Targeting Children: The Impact of Persuasion Knowledge on Behavioral Responses

Although thousands of advergames are directed at children, little is known about how advergames affect children and whether this persuasive process differs from traditional advertising formats. Investigating the underlying persuasive mechanism, Study 1 shows that, for TV advertising, persuasion knowledge drives the persuasive effects while, for advergames, persuasion is mainly driven by the attitude toward the game. Adding advertising cues to the advergame does not increase persuasion knowledge but does diminish the positive attitude toward the game effect, influencing behavior indirectly. Study 2 demonstrates that, for an advergame, the persuasive mechanism does not differ between a commercial versus a social persuasive message.