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排序方式: 共有85条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Kenji Fujiwara 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,49(4):561-572
Recent empirics suggest the relevance of transport cost reductions for world trade growth along with eliminations in protectionist trade barriers. To address the welfare effects of trade cost reductions in a context of ??trade and the environment,?? we develop a two-stage game model where governments choose environmental and trade policies and firms play a Cournot-Nash game. We show that reductions in transport costs lead to lower emission taxes and higher tariffs. And, we find that the degree of pollution damage plays a central role in whether market integration is welfare-improving relative to autarky. 相似文献
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43.
Kenji E. Kushida 《Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade》2011,11(3):279-307
While globally successful Japanese industries were able to use their domestic market as a springboard into international markets,
Japan’s telecommunications sector became decoupled from global markets, trapping Japanese ICT firms in the domestic market.
This persistent pattern of leading without followers was not simply the result of misguided technological choices, ill-informed corporate strategies, or insular government standard-setting
processes. Rather, the dynamics of competition, shaped and reshaped by political dynamics and regulatory structures, decoupled
it from global markets. These dynamics created a “Galapagos effect”, in which winning in an isolated domestic market led to losing in global markets. Major regulatory shifts transformed the dynamics of competition since the late 1990s, decreasing the isolation of Japan’s
telecommunications sector, but some factors pulling it along a proprietary trajectory persist. This paper highlights the dilemma
of how to develop beyond a follower status, but avoid becoming a leader without followers. 相似文献
44.
Kenji Kamizono Takeaki Kariya Regina Y. Liu Teruo Nakatsuma 《Asia-Pacific Financial Markets》2004,11(2):143-160
There exist several estimators for valuing the Asian option on the arithmetic mean. Among all variance reduction estimators, the one with the control variate derived from the geometric mean has been shown by Boyle et al. (1997) to perform best so far. In this paper, a new improved control variate estimator for this type of Asian option is proposed and investigated. Simulation results confirm that it does perform better than the control variate derived from the geometric mean. The improvement becomes more significant as the volatility increases and/or as the time to expiration lengthens. 相似文献
45.
Kenji Matsui 《European Accounting Review》2013,22(3):521-550
In this paper, we investigate the social impacts of strategic transfer pricing by oligopoly firms, aiming to derive regulatory implications for transfer prices. A notable finding from our model is that the negative effects on social welfare of transfer prices being set above marginal cost are pronounced when either (1) the number of competing firms is large and the product is relatively highly differentiated or (2) the number of firms is small and the product is not very differentiated. This result indicates that even when the number of firms in the industry is significant and the market is thus apparently competitive, the authorities should not overlook the possibility that setting transfer prices above marginal cost might seriously damage social welfare if the product is highly differentiated. 相似文献
46.
Chung Y. Peter Kim S. Thomas Kutsuna Kenji Smith Richard L. 《Financial Markets and Portfolio Management》2020,34(1):33-63
Financial Markets and Portfolio Management - From 1998 until 2008, all firms on the JASDAQ exchange could choose and switch between a market-maker method similar to NASDAQ and a continuous auction... 相似文献
47.
Objective: This analysis estimated the cost-effectiveness of intravitreal aflibercept injection(s) (IAI) for wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) compared with other treatments in Japan.Methods: This was a cost-utility analysis based on published data. A state-transition cohort model was constructed with six health states based on best-corrected visual acuity in the better-seeing eye. The cycle time was 4 weeks, and the time horizon was 12 years. The model compared IAI 2?mg every 8 weeks (2q8) for 2 years after three initial monthly injections, ranibizumab as needed, ranibizumab 0.5?mg every 4 weeks (0.5q4), pegaptanib sodium 0.3?mg every 6 weeks, verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT), and best supportive care, assumed to include medical management and monitoring, but no active therapy. Costs (expressed as Japanese yen [JPY]) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained were estimated for each treatment and discounted at 2.0%. Input data were obtained from clinical studies, the Japanese drug tariff and social insurance reimbursement schedule, and expert opinion. The analysis was conducted from the societal perspective, including medical costs as well as costs of blindness.Results: IAI 2q8 was dominant (i.e. more effective in terms of QALYs and less costly) to all other comparators (ranibizumab as needed, ranibizumab 0.5q4, pegaptanib sodium, PDT, and best supportive care), as shown by the incremental cost-utility ratio (i.e. cost per QALY gained).Limitations: The strengths of the analysis include the wide range of comparators evaluated and the use of Japanese-specific utility data. The limitations include the use of one eye, inclusion of published data up to 2 years only, and assumptions on disease course over 5 years.Conclusions: IAI 2q8 was more effective in terms of QALYs and less costly compared with other treatments for wAMD in Japan. 相似文献
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49.
Constructing a model of differentiated Cournot duopoly, we consider welfare effects of trade liberalization (i.e. reductions in transport costs). We examine both multilateral trade (i.e. the firms in both countries export bilaterally) and unilateral trade, under which foreign entry is possible but the home firm cannot export. Some new results on trade gains under differentiated oligopoly are proved and their implications are discussed. 相似文献
50.
Christine D. Barbeau Meaghan J. Wilton Maren Oelbermann Jim D. Karagatzides Leonard J. S. Tsuji 《国际农业可持续发展杂志》2018,16(1):29-39
Addressing food security with local and sustainable food production is a key requirement for supporting a globally sustainable agricultural system. Food insecurity is prevalent in Indigenous communities in Canada, especially in rural and remote regions of northern (subarctic and arctic) Canada. Further, climate change has disproportionately impacted subarctic and arctic regions worldwide ? surface air temperatures are now more favourable for agricultural activities ? offering the potential for local food production under ambient conditions. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) intercrops grown over a two-year period in two sites (treed, windbreak-lined with native willow, Salix. spp.; and non-treed, or open) in the subarctic Indigenous community of Fort Albany First Nation, Ontario, Canada. Intercrops grown in the windbreak-lined site produced significantly greater (p?0.05) yields and biomass than the open site. An analysis of soil chemistry (pH, P, K, Mg, NO3, NH4 and total N) showed that with some local amendments such as offal and bone meal, both the windbreak-lined and open sites can support continued agricultural use. This study informs Indigenous communities across subarctic regions of the world that climate change not only brings challenges, but also opportunities, such as potentially sustainable local food production. 相似文献