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31.
32.
Both the OECD and the WTO have accumulated systematic data on the magnitude of support going to farmers as a result of farm policies. The datasets are collected for different purposes, but both give a detailed picture of the evolution of these policies. This paper extends recent work on the compatibility or otherwise of the two attempts at policy monitoring by considering the categorization of individual policy instruments in Norway, Switzerland, the US, and the EU. The results show how the OECD dataset, particularly with respect to the link between direct payments and production requirements, complements that of the WTO. Many payments classified in the WTO Green Box require production, raising the possibility that they may distort production and trade. Though the issue of correct notifications to the WTO is the province of lawyers, the implications for modeling and policy analysis are of interest to economists, and the broader question of improving the consistency of the two datasets is of importance in the quest for transparency in the interpretation of changes in farm policies. 相似文献
33.
34.
Herausforderndes Verhalten bei Demenz - Wenn Aggression, erh?hter Bewegungsdrang, starke Orientierungsprobleme, Selbst- und
Fremdgef?hrdung oder andere „herausfordernde“ Verhaltensweisen auftreten, wird die Pflege und Begleitung von Demenzkranken
als Belastung erlebt. Doch Pflegende stehen dem Problem nicht hilflos gegenüber. Eine interdisziplin?re Expertengruppe gibt
mit ihren Empfehlungen ein Handlungsgerüst. 相似文献
35.
This contribution investigates the efficiency of water suppliers in rural areas of East and West Germany. A non-radial measure
of input specific allocative inefficiency is used to reduce the distributional dependency with respect to the inefficiency
parameters. It is based on the demand system of a flexible cost function for the variable inputs labour, energy and chemicals
modelled by applying a modified symmetric generalized McFadden functional form. Concavity restrictions, as required by economic
theory, are imposed. The analysis reveals that efforts towards increasing suppliers’ allocative efficiency should focus on
the relatively inefficient usage of the input chemicals. The input specific allocative model specification was found to be
superior to the overall allocative specification.
相似文献
Johannes SauerEmail: |
36.
Marcia Dutra de Barcellos Athanasios Krystallis Maria Stela de Melo Saab Jens Oliver Kügler Klaus G. Grunert 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2011,35(4):391-402
Consumers worldwide are increasingly concerned with sustainable production and consumption. Recently, a comprehensive study ranked 17 countries in regard to their environmentally friendly behaviour among consumers. Brazil was one of the top countries in the list. Yet, several studies highlight significant differences between consumers' intentions to consume ethically, and their actual purchase behaviour: the so‐called ‘Attitude‐Behaviour Gap’. In developing countries, few studies have been conducted on this issue. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the gap between citizens' sustainability‐related attitudes and food purchasing behaviour using empirical data from Brazil. To this end, Brazilian citizens' attitudes towards pig production systems were mapped through conjoint analysis and their coexistence with relevant pork product‐related purchasing behaviour of consumers was investigated through cluster analysis. The conjoint experiment was carried out with empirical data collected from 475 respondents surveyed in the South and Center‐West regions of Brazil. The results of the conjoint analysis were used for a subsequent cluster analysis in order to identify clusters of Brazilian citizens with diversified attitudes towards pig production systems, using socio‐demographics, attitudes towards sustainability‐related themes that are expected to influence the way they evaluate pig production systems, and consumption frequency of various pork products as clusters' background information. Three clusters were identified as ‘indifferent’, ‘environmental conscious’ and ‘sustainability‐oriented’ citizens. Although attitudes towards environment and nature had indeed an influence on citizens' specific attitudes towards pig farming at the cluster level, the relationship between ‘citizenship’ and consumption behaviour was found to be weak. This finding is similar to previous research conducted with European consumers: what people (in their role of citizens) think about pig production systems does not appear to significantly influence their pork consumption choices. Improvements in the integrated management of this chain would better meet consumers' sustainability‐related expectations towards pig production systems. 相似文献
37.
One of the main goals of the European Union, laid down, inter alia, in the Lisbon Strategy and in the “Europe 2020” Strategy, is to raise employment. One important means of supporting the
creation of new jobs is to increase competition. In this paper, it is shown that on average the mark-up, i.e. the deviation
of prices from marginal cost in the euro area still exceeds the levels observed in the UK and in the US. After completion
of the Single Market Programme in 1993, the mark-up has declined in the euro area and even more in the UK. Nevertheless, there
is a strong cross-country variation between Member States, with a particularly high mark-up ratio found for Italy. Panel estimations
show that total factor productivity growth, labour productivity growth and the labour market performance in the euro area
could be improved by reducing the mark-up. This could be achieved by a proper institutional design. More competition could
indeed improve the macroeconomic performance. 相似文献
38.
In this paper, we study different and, in particular, “optimal” reactions of fiscal (and to some extent monetary) policies
to the financial and economic crisis of 2007–2009 in Slovenia, a small open economy that is part of the Economic and Monetary
Union (EMU). Using an econometric model of the Slovenian economy, we simulate the effects of the global crisis under the assumption
of no-policy reactions, i.e. assuming that macroeconomic policies are conducted without attempting to deal with the effects
of the crisis. Next, we study the possibilities of fiscal policy reducing or even annihilating the effects of the crisis.
We also investigate the optimal reaction of fiscal policies based on the assumption that Slovenian policy-makers behave as
though they were optimizing an objective function. We show that optimal policies call for only a very modestly active countercyclical
role of fiscal policies. There are strong trade-offs between countercyclical fiscal policies and the requirements of fiscal
solvency. 相似文献
39.
Sufficient conditions for a unique price equilibrium, in terms of the uncertainty distribution and the state contingent consumer distributions, are given for spatial duopoly. Also considered are efficiency and endogenous locations for the symmetric case and comparative statics on price flexibility. 相似文献
40.