Rufbereitschaft: Wie oft erlaubt?

In unserer Funktionsabteilung Kardiologie verfügen wir über einen Herzkathetermessplatz und stellen eine 24-Stunden- Rufbereitschaft. Zurzeit macht jeder Mitarbeiter 15 Rufbereitschaften pro Monat. In der Urlaubszeit k?nnen es bis zu 25 sein. Gibt es eine H?chstgrenze für die Zahl der Rufbereitschaften?     

Ohne Hygiene ist alles nichts

Standardhygienema?nahmen beachten - Alle Ma?nahmen, die sowohl den Patienten als auch das Personal vor übertragungen von Keimen schützen, werden unter dem Begriff „Standardhygienema?nahmen“ zusammengefasst. Obwohl sie meist einfach auszuführen und hinl?nglich bekannt sind, finden sie trotzdem oft nur mangelnde Beachtung.     

Poverty decompositions with counterfactual income and inequality dynamics

Traditional poverty accounting decomposes changes in a country's poverty headcount ratio into changes in income and inequality. We argue that this approach is unsatisfactory from the perspective of policy analysis because it compares a country in two points of time without taking the country's initial situation, and hence its potential for poverty reduction, into account. We thus suggest comparing traditional poverty decompositions with a counterfactual situation. This counterfactual indicates what a country starting from its initial situation could be expected to achieve in terms of income, inequality, and, hence, poverty developments. We construct those counterfactuals by modeling income and inequality trends characterized by convergence and a “Kuznets” relationship between inequality and development. Parameters in those relationships are estimated using PovcalNet survey data from 144 countries and we construct our counterfactual poverty predictions for 71 developing countries. While there is overall a tight relationship between actual developments and counterfactuals, we identify several cases, where both deviate from each other and discuss the policy implications. We also check for commonalities in differently performing countries and find that those who fell particularly short of expectations often underwent political transition and state fragility.     

The interaction between macroprudential policy and monetary policy: Overview

This paper presents the main findings of an International Banking Research Network initiative examining the interaction between monetary policy and macroprudential policy in determining international bank lending. We give an overview on the data, empirical specifications and results of the seven papers from the initiative. The papers are from a range of core and smaller advanced economies, and emerging markets . The main findings are as follows. First, there is evidence that macroprudential policy in recipient countries can partly offset the spillover effects of monetary policy conducted in core countries. Meanwhile, domestic macroprudential policy in core countries can also affect the cross‐border transmission of domestic monetary policy via lending abroad, by limiting the increase in lending by less strongly capitalized banks. Second, the findings highlight that studying heterogeneities across banks provides complementary insights to studies using more aggregate data and focusing on average effects. In particular, we find that individual bank characteristics such as bank size or GSIB status play a first‐order role in the transmission of these policies. Finally, the impacts differ considerably across prudential policy instruments, which also suggests the importance of more granular analysis.     

Development of Sunflower Oil Exports in Russia and the EEU: Main Trends,Prospects, and Evaluations by the Gravity Model

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to assess the major trends, factors, and prospects of development of Russian and EEU sunflower oil exports. The sanctions resulted in an increase of sunflower oil exports in 2014 to a peak value, which allowed the producers to accumulate revenues in hard currency. The gravity models findings for Russia and for the EEU show that the sanctions stimulated the growth of sunflower oil exports. As distinct from a common language, a common border also encourages the development of Eurasian exports to third countries. The tariff size in the importer country is strongly and negatively connected with exports both from Russia and from the EEU. The effect of regional integration within the EEU is insignificant for the development of sunflower oil exports, while regional integration processes in the CIS have a positive impact on exports.     

The Image of Spain as Tourist Destination Built Through Fictional Cinema

Fictional cinema is one of the cultural agents that shapes the international image of each country. It colonizes spectators' imagery, and it can influence their choice of tourist destinations. Spanish cinema's international diffusion has allowed the exhibition of movies that spread and renew the image of Spain in different ways. In this respect, we propose a three‐fold typology of films focusing our attention on their content and the ways in which they build the image of Spain: Icon Films, Pastiche Films, and Tourist Poster Films. These films may stimulate the increase of a cultural tourism very different from the traditional one that inspired many to come to Spain mainly looking for sunny beaches.     

A Theory of Brinkmanship, Conflicts, and Commitments

Many conflicts and negotiations can be viewed as dynamic gamesin which parties have no commitment power. In our model, a potentialaggressor demands concessions from a weaker party by threateningwar. The absence of commitment makes a continuous stream oftransfers a more effective appeasement strategy than a lump-sumtransfer. As long as both sides have constant marginal utilityof consumption, it is possible to construct a self-enforcingpeace agreement even if transfers shift the balance of power.When marginal utility of consumption is decreasing, a self-enforcingpeace agreement may not be feasible. The bargaining power ofthe potential aggressor increases dramatically if she is ableto make probabilistic threats, for example, by taking an observableaction that leads to war with a positive probability. This "brinkmanshipstrategy" allows a blackmailer to extract a positive streamof payments from the victim, even if carrying out the threatis harmful to both parties. Our results are applicable to environmentsranging from diplomacy to negotiations within or among firmsand are aimed to bring together "parallel" investigations inthe nature of commitment in economics and political science.