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71.
Water and Economic Growth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Edward B. Barbier 《The Economic record》2004,80(248):1-16
Several hydrological studies forecast a global problem of water scarcity. This raises the question as to whether increasing water scarcity may impose constraints on the growth of countries. The influence of water utilisation on economic growth is depicted through a growth model that includes this congestible nonexcludable good as a productive input for private producers. Growth is negatively affected by the government's appropriation of output to supply water but positively influenced by the contribution of increased water use to capital productivity, leading to an inverted-U relationship between economic growth and the rate of water utilisation. Cross-country estimations confirm this relationship and suggest that for most economies current rates of fresh water utilisation are not yet constraining growth. However, for a handful of countries, moderate or extreme water scarcity may adversely affect economic growth. Nevertheless, even for water-scarce countries, there appears to be little evidence that there are severe diminishing returns to allocating more output to provide water, thus resulting in falling income per capita. These results suggest caution over the claims of some hydrological-based studies of a widespread global 'water crisis'. 相似文献
72.
73.
Stephanie Stray 《Quality and Quantity》2009,43(1):161-171
That survey research is error prone is not a new idea and different varieties of non-sampling error have been investigated
in the literature as well as consideration being given in many statistics textbooks to the issue of sampling error. The paper
here considers research upon corporate environmental reporting. It compares information provided by corporate environmental
reports with information that survey respondents claim their organization’s environmental report contains. This enables the
accuracy of the claims to be assessed. Consideration is given to two different industries the Water industry and the Energy
industry. Errors due to inaccurate reporting by survey respondents are shown to be relatively infrequent and respondents appear
just about as likely to claim they report information that they do not, in fact, report as to fail to indicate that they report
information that is, in fact, actually reported. 相似文献
74.
75.
This article specifies what an optimal pollution tax should be when dealing with a vertical Cournot oligopoly. Polluting firms
sell final goods to consumers and outsource their abatement activities to an environment industry. It is assumed that both
markets are imperfectly competitive. Thus, the tax is a single instrument used to regulate three sorts of distortions, one
negative externality and two restrictions in production. Consequently, the optimal tax rate is the result of a trade-off that
depends on the firms’ market power along the vertical structure. A detailed analysis of Cournot-Nash equilibria in both markets
is also performed. In this context, the efficiency of abatement activities plays a key-role. It gives a new understanding
to the necessary conditions for the emergence of an eco-industrial sector.
相似文献
76.
Summary Competition authorities are increasingly measuring the effects of their enforcement actions, seeking a robust justification
for the proliferation of competition policy. We highlight the importance of identifying the right counterfactual against which
to measure effects, and set out the relevant categories of costs and benefits. We then explore how a balance can be struck
between the benefits and inherent limitations of these measurement exercises. Relatively crude analyses of cartel action benefits
can be sufficient to achieve public legitimacy for competition policy. Assessing the effects of merger and conduct inquiries
is often ambiguous, but could be used to improve decision-making processes.
Director and Managing Consultant, respectively, at Oxera, Oxford and London. The valuable comments of Fod Barnes, Kerry Hughes
and an anonymous referee are gratefully acknowledged. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors alone. 相似文献
77.
78.
79.
Determinants of Current Account Imbalances in 16 OECD Countries: An Out-Of-Sample Perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We employ panel data as well as country-specific models to uncover empirically the determinants of current account imbalances.
We find evidence of slope heterogeneity likely rendering the fixed-effect estimator inconsistent. Mean group estimation is
followed to overcome the latter difficulty. Both estimation techniques are evaluated by means of in- and out-of-sample criteria.
The mean group estimator outperforms the fixed-effect approach and, moreover, only three economic variables are found to impact
on the current account balance significantly. These are the government budget balance, the domestic output gap and the changes
of the terms of trade. We finally propose a parsimonious dynamic model of the current account, including only these variables
and illustrate that it has similar predictive accuracy as country-specific benchmark models.
JEL no. F32, C23, C53 相似文献
80.
The role of tourism is of vital economic importance, particularly for small countries with a privileged geographical location and favourable weather conditions. This paper examines the importance of tourism as a conditioning factor for higher regional growth in Portugal by employing the conditional convergence hypothesis of Barro and Sala-i-Martin, associated with the endogenous growth theory. The panel data estimation approach provides evidence of the positive impact of tourism (through the accommodation capacity) on the growth in per-capita income among the Portuguese regions, increasing the rate of convergence. Therefore, tourism can be considered as an alternative source for stimulating higher regional growth in Portugal, if the supply characteristics of this sector are improved. 相似文献