Trade Credit and Informational Asymmetry

Commonly used trade credit terms implicitly define a high interest rate that operates as an efficient screening device where information about buyer default risk is asymmetrically held. By offering trade credit, a seller can identify prospective defaults more quickly than if financial institutions were the sole providers of short-term financing. The information is valuable in cases where the seller has made nonsalvageable investments in buyers since it enables the seller to take actions to protect such investments.     

A Disequilibrium Model of Savings and Loan Associations

This paper discusses the consistent specification and estimation of asset demand equations in a disequilibrium model of financial markets. We estimate the effective asset demands of savings and loan associations, allowing for rationing in the mortgage market. These disequilibrium estimates are not very different from the estimates of notional demands with no rationing assumed. Savings and loans seem to be least affected by excess demand situations in that they are apparently not reluctant to raise mortgage rates and/or to ration borrowers.     

INFLATION HISTORY AND THE SACRIFICE RATIO: EPISODE-SPECIFIC EVIDENCE

This article examines whether episode-specific analysis can show a negative relationship between inflation and the slope of the Phillips curve that has been found in cross-country analysis. While the relationship between inflation and the Phillips curve slope is widely accepted from cross-country analysis, it has remained unproven in previous episode-specific studies. By defining inflation history as a weighted average of past inflation, this study finds a negative effect of inflation history on the sacrifice ratio, which is what is expected from the cross-country analysis. The negative relationship does not disappear even after including other conventional determinants of the sacrifice ratio. ( JEL E52, E31)     

Market Created Risk

We develop a multiperiod rational expectations model of securities market equilibrium in which equilibrium prices may move between periods even though it is common knowledge that no new information has arrived about ultimate security payoffs. This happens because investors know they have imperfect information about the endowments of other investors and this knowledge affects their probability beliefs about the prices that will prevail at the intermediate trading date. These beliefs are reflected in the equilibrium at the initial trading date when investors focus on the probabilities of intermediate capital gains and losses, rather than ultimate payoffs.     

A generalized audit simulation tool for evaluating the reliability of internal controls

Abstract. The study and evaluation of internal control requires an auditor to analyze all key controls and control relationships included in each major transaction cycle. Gaining the requisite level of understanding can become a formidable task where complex systems with intricate control relationships, computer-based accounting systems, or systems with suspected collusion, are involved. This study describes an audit simulation model which is designed to assist auditors in evaluating and documenting the reliability of complex internal control systems. The proposed simulation extends previous ones in two primary respects. First, dependencies between error and control processes can be modeled, which allows an auditor to investigate the effects of collusion on system reliability and final balance error amounts. Second, the simulation is an interactive computer model which can be tailored to different client applications without the need for programming knowledge. An application of the simulation approach in a typical payroll cycle is described. Résumé. L'étude et l'évaluation du contrôle interne nécessitent de la part du vérificateur d'analyser l'ensemble des contrôles-clé et les liens entre les contrôles compris dans chaque cycle d'opération important. L'obtention du niveau de compréhension requis peut s'avérer une tâche énorme lorsque le praticien étudie des systèmes à interrelations complexes, des systèmes comptables informatisés ou des systèmes où la collusion est soupçonnée. Cette étude décrit un modèle de simulation en vérification destiné à aider les vérificateurs dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la fiabilité de systèmes de contrôle interne complexes. La simulation proposée constitue un prolongement de simulations précédentes sous deux aspects primordiaux. En premier lieu, les dépendances entre les processus d'erreur et de contrôle peuvent être modelées, ce qui permet au vérificateur d'examiner les effets de la collusion sur la fiabilité des systèmes et les montants des erreurs dans les soldes finals. En deuxième lieu, la simulation est un modèle informatisé interactif qui peut être adapté aux diverses applications d'une entreprise sans avoir à posséder des connaissances en programmation. Un exemple d'application de cette approche de simulation, dans le contexte d'un cycle de paye, est présenté.