质量标准——过去、现在与未来

产品标准是如何产生与发展的?使用什么技术和标准化控制质量?质量保证是如何演变的?为质量部门提供什么标准?通过标准化已经取得了什么成就?采取什么行动才能最好地保证消费者需要的高水平的质量标准?这些都是当今全世界质量专家提出的基本问题。     

西洋南瓜UGU生产的成本效益分析

本文通过成本效益分析方法对尼日利亚拉各斯市的西洋南瓜UGU生产利润及其影响因素进行了分析。文中通过“滚雪球”式抽样方式选取了60个南瓜瓜农，多数接受调查的瓜农在31～45岁之间，男女性分别为56．7％和43．3％，他们多数（68．3％）没有接受过正规教育。60％的接受调查者其生产成本较低，其成本每月不到1500奈拉。多数接受访问者其收入高于成本。南瓜生产在促进农民脱贫中起到了重要作用。研究表明教育水平、与推广机构的联系以及耕作经验对南瓜生产具有积极作用。因此，应促进瓜农与推广机构的联系以提高瓜农的收入，同时对于那些没有种植经验的瓜农也要给予帮助。     

Implementing a strategic approach to employee wellness--globally and locally

Today's multinational companies understand the need for a healthier workforce. Whether in developed markets such as the United States and the United Kingdom, or in emerging economies such as China and India, health trends pointing to a rising incidence of chronic disease and lifestyle-related health issues are requiring a strategic response from employers. A study MetLife undertook in coordination with the Sloan Center on Aging & Work at Boston College involved a detailed examination at four large multinational companies to understand how health trends vary by country and the specific programs the organizations implemented to support a healthier workforce. This article highlights some of the bestpractices the study found for an integrated health and wellness program.     

The relevance of personal characteristics in health care rationing: what the Australian public thinks and why

This article examines the preferences of the general public in Australia regarding health care resource allocation. While previous studies have revealed that the public is willing to give priority to particular groups of patients based on their personal characteristics, the present article goes beyond previous efforts in attempting to explain these results. In the present study, there was strong support among respondents for giving “equal priority” to people regardless of their personal characteristics. However, respondents did reveal a preference for married patients over single, for children over adults, for carers of children and the elderly, sole breadwinners, and good community contributors. Further, they would give a lower priority to those perceived as “self-harmers”—smokers, individuals with unhealthy diets, and those who rarely exercise. Variation in the answers according to broad economic and social beliefs across seven different categories (“factors”) influenced the pattern of the public's attitudes towards rationing. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) indicated that most of the items in our survey are associated with seven factors that explain or capture much of the variation. These relate to a patient's avoidance of self-harm behaviors (Safe Living), their Life Style (diet, exercise, etc.), their contribution to the community through caring for others (Caring), their talents (Gifted), their sexual behavior (Sexuality), their age and marital status (Family), and whether they are an Australian citizen or employed (Citizen). The strength of social preferences—e.g., how strongly respondents would “discriminate” against a recreational drug user or preference a person with a healthy diet—is related to the particular class of preferences.     

人民币升值压力与对策分析

2003年以来，国际上要求人民币汇率升值的呼声日趋高涨，国内外许多学者也纷纷发表各自的见解，而我国官方则在多种场合宣称人民币汇率会继续保持稳定，国内一些媒体甚至还打出了“保卫人民币”的口号。     

全球化与WTO：利益分析及争端解决

一、引言“全球化”这一说法是最近才开始流行的,而我们这些贸易经济学家对它的研究历史却有几十年甚至上百年了;世界贸易组织(WTO)也是最近才成立的,而国际贸易方面的法律专家对它和它的前身--GATT的研究也已近五十年了。在前面的两种情况中,国际贸易方面的专家都会强调世界经