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261.
Wars are increasingly frequent, and the trend has been steadily upward since 1870. The main tradition of western political and philosophical thought suggests that extensive economic globalization and democratization over this period should have reduced appetites for war far below their current level. This view is clearly incomplete: at best, confounding factors are at work. Here, we explore the capacity to wage war. Most fundamentally, the growing number of sovereign states has been closely associated with the spread of democracy and increasing commercial openness, as well as the number of bilateral conflicts. Trade and democracy are traditionally thought of as goods, both in themselves, and because they reduce the willingness to go to war, given the national capacity to do so, but the same factors may also have been increasing the capacity for war, and thus its frequency. 相似文献
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Do Population Control Policies Induce More Human Capital Investment? Twins, Birth Weight and China's "One-Child" Policy 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this paper, we address the issues of whether reductions in fertility increase human capital investments per child and whether twinning can identify the quantity–quality (Q–Q) trade-off. We show that estimates of the effects of twinning at higher parities on the outcomes of older children in prior studies do not identify family-size effects but are confounded by inter-child allocation effects because of the endowment deficit and close spacing of twins. However, examining the effects of twinning by birth order, net of the effects stemming from the endowment deficit of twins, can provide upper and lower bounds on the trade-off between the family size and average child quality. Our estimates, based on data from China, indicate that an extra child at parity one or at parity two, net of one component of birth-endowment effects associated with birth weight, significantly decreases the schooling progress, the expected college enrolment, grades in school and the assessed health of all children in the family. Despite the evident significant trade-off between number of children and child quality in China, the findings suggest that the contribution of the one-child policy in China to the development of its human capital was modest. 相似文献
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CAROLE COMERTON‐FORDE TERRENCE HENDERSHOTT CHARLES M. JONES PAMELA C. MOULTON MARK S. SEASHOLES 《The Journal of Finance》2010,65(1):295-331
We show that market-maker balance sheet and income statement variables explain time variation in liquidity, suggesting liquidity-supplier financing constraints matter. Using 11 years of NYSE specialist inventory positions and trading revenues, we find that aggregate market-level and specialist firm-level spreads widen when specialists have large positions or lose money. The effects are nonlinear and most prominent when inventories are big or trading results have been particularly poor. These sensitivities are smaller after specialist firm mergers, consistent with deep pockets easing financing constraints. Finally, compared to low volatility stocks, the liquidity of high volatility stocks is more sensitive to inventories and losses. 相似文献
267.
W. BROOKE ELLIOTT SUSAN D. KRISCHE MARK E. PEECHER 《Journal of Accounting Research》2010,48(2):343-381
We examine how accounting transparency and investor base jointly affect financial analysts' expectations of mispricing (i.e., expectations of stock price deviations from fundamental value). Within a range of transparency, these two factors interactively amplify analysts' expectations of mispricing—analysts expect a larger positive deviation when a firm's disclosures more transparently reveal income‐increasing earnings management and the firm's most important investors are described as transient institutional investors with a shorter‐term horizon (low concentration in holdings, high portfolio turnover, and frequent momentum trading) rather than dedicated institutional investors with a longer‐term horizon (high concentration in holdings, low portfolio turnover, and little momentum trading). Results are consistent with analysts anticipating that transient institutional investors are more likely than dedicated institutional investors to adjust their trading strategies for near‐term factors affecting stock mispricings. Our theory and findings extend the accounting disclosure literature by identifying a boundary condition to the common supposition that disclosure transparency necessarily mitigates expected mispricing, and by providing evidence that analysts' pricing judgments are influenced by their anticipation of different investors' reactions to firm disclosures. 相似文献
268.
This study examines willingness to repurchase a Toyota among 335 Toyota owners, 246 who had participated in a class action suit against Toyota and 89 who had not participated. It also examines attitudes toward auto dealers and manufacturers and includes a psychographic measure of global consumer loyalty. Respondents were interviewed one to two years after participants had received a cash settlement to compensate for illegal overcharging. Multivariate analysis indicates that compared to nonparticipants, settlement participants, especially those satisfied with the settlement, were more willing to repurchase a Toyota and were less positive in their attitudes toward the Toyota manufacturer. Positive attitudes toward the Toyota manufacturer and dealers were associated with higher repurchase willingness, while positive attitudes toward other dealers and manufacturers were associated with lower repurchase willingness. Consumer loyalty was associated with higher repurchase willingness. These findings and their implications are discussed in terms of several theoretical frameworks. 相似文献
269.
Optimal capital budgeting criteria now exist for a variety of applications when project cash flows (or present values) evolve in terms of the well-known geometric Brownian motion. However, relatively little is known about the capital budgeting procedures that ought to be implemented when cash flows are generated by stochastic processes other than the geometric Brownian motion. Given this, our purpose here is to develop optimal investment criteria for capital projects with cash flows that evolve in terms of a continuous time branching process. Branching processes are compatible with an empirical phenomenon known as 'volatility smile'. This occurs when there are systematic fluctuations in the implied volatility of a capital project's cash flows as the cash flow grows in magnitude. A number of studies have shown that this phenomenon characterizes the cash flow streams of the capital projects in which firms typically invest. We implement optimal capital budgeting procedures for both the continuous time branching process and the geometric Brownian motion using cost and revenue data for the Stuart oil shale project in central Queensland, Australia. This example shows that significant differences can arise between the optimal investment criteria for cash flows based on a branching process and those based on the geometric Brownian motion. This underscores the need for the geometric Brownian motion broadly to reflect the way a given capital project's cash flows actually evolve if serious errors in valuation and/or capital budgeting decisions are to be avoided. 相似文献
270.
Patents, Innovation and Growth 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
MARK CROSBY 《The Economic record》2000,76(234):255-262
New growth theories emphasize the role played by innovation in promoting economic growth. Since it is difficult to quantify the amount of innovation undertaken in an economy, there is little available empirical evidence assessing the contribution made by innovation to growth, in contrast to abundant evidence on the role of physical capital accumulation in the growth process. In this paper patent data are used to proxy the amount of innovation undertaken in an economy. The patent data are used to explore two questions. First, how important is innovation to economic growth in Australia, and second, are reductions in innovations sourced in Australia offset by increases in foreign sourced innovations in Australia? 相似文献