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31.
The recent literature has shown that subjective welfare depends on relative income. Much of the existing evidence comes from developed economies. What remains unclear is whether this is a universal human trait or an artifact of a prosperous, market-oriented lifestyle. Using data from Nepal, a mountainous country where many households still live in relative isolation, we test whether poorer and more isolated households care less about relative consumption. We find that they do not. We investigate possible reasons for this. We reject that it is due to parental concerns regarding the marriage prospects of their children. But we find evidence in support of the reference point hypothesis put forth by psychologists: household heads having migrated out of their birth district still judge the adequacy of their consumption in comparison with households in their district of origin. 相似文献
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What do consumers want to achieve when they engage in negative word‐of‐mouth communication (N‐WOM)? Two studies explore this question and reveal that consumers pursue specific goals when engaging in N‐WOM and that these goals systematically differ between the specific negative emotions that are experienced. For example, the results reveal that consumers who experience anger engage in N‐WOM to vent feelings or to take revenge. However, disappointed consumers engage in N‐WOM to warn others, and consumers who experience regret communicate with others to strengthen social bonds or to warn them. This reveals the functionality of specific emotions to N‐WOM, and how goals for N‐WOM are associated with these emotions. This demonstrates that rather than being uniform, the content and implications of N‐WOM are contingent on the specific emotions that consumers experience. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Merlijn Van Rijswijk Marcel Kleijn Michiel Janson Ernst Menten 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》2008,20(3):309-320
In 2005 the Netherlands drafted a new innovation policy, consisting of a basic package for all entrepreneurs and a programme-based package aimed at supporting the Dutch industry in achieving global excellence in a limited number of (business) areas. The programme-based package is characterized by an integral approach, resulting in user-driven public-private innovation programmes. In the new approach, industrial foresight processes are integrated with actual policy implementation. In this paper, we include the lessons learned during the process that led to the first innovation programmes. Also, some unresolved issues in the new approach are discussed. 相似文献
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A dismal science; An essay on new classical economics 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Marcel Peeters 《De Economist》1987,135(4):442-466
Summary Does new classical economics constitute a scientific achievement? Are its basic concepts demonstrably appropriate representations of fundamental characteristics of economic reality? An inspection of the relevant models shows that this is not the case. There exists hardly any empirical evidence which can be interpreted as foundational for the concepts employed in new classical microeconomics. It is more accurate to view the latter as mathematically convenient constructions which yield desired results - which often means: results that seem to be relevant for policy making. Finally, the new classical approach to macroeconomics appears to originate in substantial confusions about the nature of this subject.I am grateful to Pieter Stobbe for long and frequent discussions about economic theory which have helped to shape the views I put forward in this article. I should also like to thank Jan Marc Berk who provided research assistance. I alone am responsible for what follows. 相似文献
38.
According to Dr. Clare Graves, mankind has developed eight core value systems,1 as responses to prevailing circumstances. Given different contexts and value systems, a one-solution-fits-all concept of corporate sustainability is not reasonable. Therefore, this paper presents various definitions and forms of sustainability, each linked to specific (societal) circumstances and related value systems. A sustainability matrix– an essential element of the overall European Corporate Sustainability Framework – is described showing six types of organizations at different developmental stages, with different forms of corporate sustainability, each supported by specific institutional arrangements. 相似文献
39.
The problems that social and labour market institutions are facing today are often attributed to globalisation and ageing.
This article argues that globalisation merely exposes inherent weaknesses in social institutions while ageing aggravates them,
but that neither of the two phenomena is the fundamental cause of the challenges. Moreover, there is no inherent trade-off
between social and economic policies, but to reconcile the policies comprehensive modernisation is needed. Each country can
face the challenges should they wish to do so and converging to a single social model is neither needed nor wanted. Finally,
European (economic) and national (social) policies become increasingly intertwined and this calls for a new role for Europe.
* Bureau of European Policy Advisers, European Commission.
The authors would like to thank Tassos Belessiotis for his valuable comments. The authors would also like to thank their colleagues
Declan Costello, Georg Fischer, Agnes Hubert, Frédéric Lerais, Mattias Levin, Roger Liddle and Jér?me Vignon. In addition
valuable comments by Lans Bovenberg, Gosta Esping-Andersen, Ruud de Mooij, Frederick van der Ploeg and Fritz Scharpf were
appreciated. The views expressed in this article are the views of the authors and do not bind the European Commission. 相似文献
40.
In December 2013 agreement on the second pillar of the banking union was reached. The SRM sets up restructuring guidelines for banks, including a bank-paid resolution fund, fully operational in 2025. In the article we discuss how the current design of the banking union falls short of the goal of breaking the link between governments and their banks. We explain how an insolvency code for sovereigns is central to achieving this goal and evaluate alternative mechanisms to synchronise the business cycles of member states: 1) the coordination of national stabilisation policies; 2) the introduction of a cyclical shock insurance; and 3) the enlargement of the euro area budget, of which we consider the first alternative the most promising. 相似文献