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31.
32.
Fostering and supporting start-up businesses by unemployed persons has become an increasingly important issue in many European
countries. These new ventures are being subsidized by various governmental programs. Empirical evidence on skill-composition,
direct job creation and other key variables is rather scarce, largely because of inadequate data availability. We base our
analysis on unique survey data containing a representative sample of over 3,100 start-ups founded by unemployed persons in
Germany and subsidized under two different schemes: the bridging allowance (BA) and the start-up-subsidy (SUS). We are able to draw on extensive pre- and post-founding information concerning the characteristics of the business (start-up
capital, industry, etc.) and of the business founders (education, motivation, preparation, etc.). Our main results are: (1)
The two programs attracted very different business founders (higher skilled for the BA, more female persons for the SUS),
and different businesses were created (less capital intensive for the SUS). (2) We find that formerly unemployed founders
are motivated by push and pull factors. (3) Survival rates 2.5 years after business founding are quite high (around 70%) and similar for both programs
and across gender. (4) However, the newly developed businesses differ significantly in terms of direct employment effects.
While around 30% of the founders with the BA already have at least one employee, this is true for roughly 12% of the founders
with the SUS. 相似文献
33.
Will It Spread or Not? The Effects of Social Influences and Network Topology on Innovation Diffusion
Sebastiano A. Delre Wander Jager Tammo H. A. Bijmolt Marco A. Janssen 《Journal of Product Innovation Management》2010,27(2):267-282
Innovation diffusion theory suggests that consumers differ concerning the number of contacts they have and the degree and the direction to which social influences determine their choice to adopt. To test the impacts of these factors on innovation diffusion, in particular the occurrence of hits and flops, a new agent‐based model for innovation diffusion is introduced. This model departs from existing percolation models by using more realistic agents (both individual preferences and social influence) and more realistic networks (scale free with cost constraints). Furthermore, it allows consumers to weight the links they have, and it allows links to be directional. In this way this agent‐based model tests the effect of VIPs who can have a relatively large impact on many consumers. Results indicate that markets with high social influence are more uncertain concerning the final success of the innovation and that it is more difficult for the innovation to take off. As consumers affect each other to adopt or not at the beginning of the diffusion, the new product has more difficulties to reach the critical mass that is necessary for the product to take off. In addition, results of the simulation experiments show under which conditions highly connected agents (VIPs) determine the final diffusion of the innovation. Although hubs are present in almost any network of consumers, their roles and their effects in different markets can be very different. Using a scale‐free network with a cut‐off parameter for the maximum number of connections a hub can have, the simulation results show that when hubs have limits to the maximum number of connections the innovation diffusion is severely hampered, and it becomes much more uncertain. However, it is found that the effect of VIPs on the diffusion curve is often overestimated. In fact when the influence of VIPs on the decision making of the consumers is strengthened compared with the influence of normal friends, the diffusion of the innovation is not substantially facilitated. It can be concluded that the importance of VIPs resides in their capacity to inform many consumers and not in a stronger persuasive power. 相似文献
34.
We study the effects of the Internet on regional price differences. Comparing two Dutch regions, we find that before the rise
of the Internet, price differences of used cars between those regions amounted to some 11–15%, controlling for mileage, age,
fuel type and engine volume. These price differences have completely disappeared after the rise of the Internet, in particular
a website that allows consumers to make detailed comparisons between almost all used cars for sale in the Netherlands. 相似文献
35.
Using duality methods, we prove several key properties of the indifference price π for contingent claims. The underlying market model is very general and the mathematical formulation is based on a duality naturally induced by the problem. In particular, the indifference price π turns out to be a convex risk measure on the Orlicz space induced by the utility function. 相似文献
36.
In 2003 the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) published estimates of macro-economic indicators for 2002 of the economy of Palestine. The WB used a micro-founded recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, calibrated on the 1998 Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Palestine, to which shocks were applied, whereas the IMF based its estimates on a macro-founded income-expenditure model relying on more recent data. It turned out that there were substantial differences: the estimate by the WB of the real gross national income (at 1998 prices) was 25% less than the corresponding figure calculated by the IMF. This huge difference is not only relevant for a full understanding of the economic consequences of the intifada, but also for the size of the international community intervention. In this paper we propose our own evaluation with the help of a static CGE model, based on the 1998 SAM and the so-called intifada shock derived from data of the WB that we constructed for the analysis of some forms of emergency assistance in a previous article. It turns out that our estimates, based on an entirely different methodology, are remarkably close to those of the IMF. 相似文献
37.
Why Do Companies Go Public? An Empirical Analysis 总被引:29,自引:1,他引:28
Using a large database of private firms in Italy, we analyze the determinants of initial public offerings (IPOs) by comparing the ex ante and ex post characteristics of IPOs with those of private firms. The likelihood of an IPO is increasing in the company's size and the industry's market-to-book ratio. Companies appear to go public not to finance future investments and growth, but to rebalance their accounts after high investment and growth. IPOs are also followed by lower cost of credit and increased turnover in control. 相似文献
38.
39.
Marco Francesconi 《The Scandinavian journal of economics》2008,110(1):93-117
Using data from the British Household Panel Survey, this study examines the relationship between several outcomes in early adulthood (e.g. education, inactivity, earnings and health) and being born to a teenage mother. Besides standard cross‐sectional multivariate regression estimates, we also present evidence from non‐parametric estimates and from estimates that account for unmeasured family background heterogeneity by comparing siblings born to the same mother who timed their births at different ages. Regardless of the econometric technique, being born to a teenage mother is usually associated with worse outcomes. An important channel of transmission of this adverse effect is childhood family structure, which plays a more powerful role than childhood family poverty. Albeit smaller, some of the detrimental effects are also found for children of mothers who gave birth in their early 20s. 相似文献
40.