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931.
This paper has three objectives: (1) to survey the relevant literature addressing the (apparent) paradox of Research & Development
investments carried out within Small and Medium Enterprises; (2) to provide focused summaries of the articles in this special
issue; (3) to draw some general conclusions in terms of policy implications.
相似文献
Peter VoigtEmail: |
932.
The influence of risk aversion on the decision to become self-employed is a much discussed topic in the entrepreneurial literature.
Conventional wisdom asserts that being an entrepreneur means making risky decisions; hence more risk-averse individuals are
less likely to become entrepreneurs. In contrast to previous research, we are able to examine empirically whether the decision
of starting a business is influenced by objectively measurable risk attitudes at the time when this decision is made. Our results show that in general, individuals with lower risk aversion are more likely to become
self-employed. Sensitivity analysis reveals, however, that this is true only for people coming out of regular employment,
whereas for individuals coming out of unemployment or inactivity, risk attitudes do not seem to play a role in the decision
process.
相似文献
Alexander S. KritikosEmail: |
933.
The impact of public guarantees on credit to SMEs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article provides an in-depth evaluation of the impact of public credit guarantees to SMEs in increasing credit availability
and reducing borrowing costs, without compromising their financial sustainability. Extensive econometric tests have been carried
out by comparing the performance of the SMEs that benefited from such guarantees in Italy with a sample of comparable firms.
The findings confirm the presence of a causal relationship between the public guarantee and the higher debt leverage of guaranteed
firms, as well as their lower debt cost. Italy’s guarantee instrument has proved to be an effective instrument in these respects.
相似文献
Marco Ventura (Corresponding author)Email: |
934.
This paper assesses labor market segmentation across formal and informal salaried jobs and self-employment in three Latin American and three transition countries. It looks separately at the markets for skilled and unskilled labor, inquiring if segmentation is an exclusive feature of the latter. Longitudinal data are used to assess wage differentials and mobility patterns across jobs. To study mobility, the paper compares observed transitions with a new benchmark measure of mobility under no segmentation. It finds evidence of a formal wage premium relative to informal salaried jobs in the three Latin American countries, but not in transition economies. It also finds evidence of extensive mobility across these two types of jobs in all countries, particularly from informal salaried to formal jobs. These patterns are suggestive of a preference for formal over informal salaried jobs in all countries. In contrast, there is little mobility between self-employment and formal salaried jobs, suggesting the existence of barriers to this type of mobility or a strong assortative matching according to workers’ individual preferences. Lastly, for both wage differentials and mobility, there is no statistical difference across skill levels, indicating that the markets for skilled and unskilled labor are similarly affected by segmentation. 相似文献
935.
This paper examines economic policy interactions in the Economic and Monetary Union when the assessment of cyclical conditions
in real time is surrounded by uncertainty. On the basis of a simple stylised model it shows that with a Nash-type of interaction
different views about the output gap on the side of the policy players—the Council of the European Union, the European Commission
and the European Central Bank—can give rise to excessive activism with policy players pushing economic variables into opposite
directions. It argues that the costs of such policy conflicts can be reduced by agreeing on a common assessment of the cycle,
by constraining policy variables, and/or by increasing the weight of fiscally conservative institutions. An alternative option
to sidestep policy conflicts ensuing from diverging views of the cycle is to take policy decisions sequentially, as is the
case in a Stackelberg-type of interaction. The paper shows that for a given misperception of the cycle, the impact on the
policy instruments and on output and inflation are generally smaller in the Stackelberg equilibrium as compared to a Nash
outcome. Alternative allocations of roles—that is leader versus follower—are discussed and assessed.
相似文献
Marco ButiEmail: |
936.
Mercedes Bleda Author Vitae Marco Valente Author Vitae 《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》2009,76(4):512-524
Supplied oriented environmental policies are generally used in order to limit production related pollution. This fact is based on the hypothesis that consumers are not willing to sacrifice personal utility for a wider social gain. We suggest that widespread environmental concerns of consumers can be exploited to push producers along cleaner technological patterns. Our core assumption is that consumers would be ready to purchase cleaner products if the products' characteristics are not ‘too dissimilar’ to those of more polluting alternatives. However, due to a lack of information about non-observable product characteristics, this assumption on its own is not sufficient for ‘environmental friendly’ producers to become competitive. We show - by means of a simulation model - that only if consumers are provided with appropriate information on the greenness of products through adequate eco-labels (graded eco-labels), then producers will be pressed to implement innovations aimed at reducing the environmental impact of their products. Under two test settings - one without any certification and another with binary eco-labels - the model shows markets characterised by highly polluting technological patterns. Only in the presence of graded eco-labels, competition drives the market toward cleaner technological patterns. 相似文献
937.
In theory, one of the main benefits of financial globalization is that it should allow for more efficient international risk sharing. In this paper, we provide an empirical evaluation of the patterns of risk sharing among different groups of countries and examine how international financial integration has affected the evolution of these patterns. Using a variety of empirical techniques, we conclude that there is at best a modest degree of international risk sharing, and certainly nowhere near the levels predicted by theory. In addition, only industrial countries have attained better risk sharing outcomes during the recent period of globalization. Developing countries have, by and large, been shut out of this benefit. Even emerging market economies, many of which have reduced capital controls and all of which have witnessed large increases in cross-border capital flows, have seen little change in their ability to share risk. We find that the composition of flows may help explain why emerging markets have not been able to realize this presumed benefit of financial globalization. In particular, our results suggest that portfolio debt, which had dominated the external liability stocks of most emerging markets until recently, is not conducive to risk sharing. 相似文献
938.
The present paper aims at examining the role of variety in the ski manufacturing industry and its relevance in firms’ price
setting strategies. In particular, it intends to investigate and to empirically test three hypotheses concerning the relations
between: product quality and prices; variety in technical characteristics and prices; variety in service characteristics and
prices. Our empirical investigation finds that prices are positively affected by product quality and positively affected by
variety in service characteristics. This means that a high degree of product variety allows firms to charge a premium price
on consumers, who are able to find the product that best meets their needs and are therefore willing to pay a higher price.
By contrast, variety in technical characteristics negatively impacts prices. In a context where a dominant design has emerged
and new varieties are not radically different from each other, the gains in economies of scale and scope outweigh the costs
of the increased flexibility in the equipment required to produce variety.
相似文献
Marco GuerzoniEmail: |
939.
This paper studies efficient and egalitarian allocations over a single heterogeneous and infinitely divisible good. We prove
the existence of such allocations using only measure-theoretic arguments. Under the additional assumption of complete information,
we identify a sufficient condition on agents’ preferences that makes it possible to apply the Pazner–Schmeidler rule for uniquely
selecting an efficient egalitarian equivalent allocation. Finally, we exhibit a simple procedure that implements the Pazner–Schmeidler
selection in a subgame-perfect equilibrium.
We thank Gabrielle Demange, William Thomson, two referees and seminar audiences at Boston, Palermo and Rochester University
for their comments. Financial support from MIUR is acknowledged. 相似文献
940.
Personal strategies of owners/founders of small business startups are related to performance and to environmental uncertainty.
This is done using a longitudinal data set. Personal strategies are operationalized by a behavioral measure of the manners
in which small business founders deal with situations. The results suggest a dynamic process between strategy and performance.
Business owners that perform poorly employ a Reactive Strategy, with poor performance leading to increased use of reactive
behavior. High performing business owners start out focussing on the most crucial issues (Critical Point Strategy), with high
performance leading to a more top-down (Complete Planning) approach. These relations are controlled for characteristics of
the environment of the firm. Strategy use is dependent upon the type and level of environmental uncertainty. Complete Planning
strategy is used less frequently in a fast changing environment and more often in a complex environment. Use of Opportunistic
Strategy is negatively related to the complexity of the environment, while the Reactive Strategy is used more frequently in
a non-munificent environment.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献