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941.
Mercedes Bleda Author Vitae Marco Valente Author Vitae 《Technological Forecasting and Social Change》2009,76(4):512-524
Supplied oriented environmental policies are generally used in order to limit production related pollution. This fact is based on the hypothesis that consumers are not willing to sacrifice personal utility for a wider social gain. We suggest that widespread environmental concerns of consumers can be exploited to push producers along cleaner technological patterns. Our core assumption is that consumers would be ready to purchase cleaner products if the products' characteristics are not ‘too dissimilar’ to those of more polluting alternatives. However, due to a lack of information about non-observable product characteristics, this assumption on its own is not sufficient for ‘environmental friendly’ producers to become competitive. We show - by means of a simulation model - that only if consumers are provided with appropriate information on the greenness of products through adequate eco-labels (graded eco-labels), then producers will be pressed to implement innovations aimed at reducing the environmental impact of their products. Under two test settings - one without any certification and another with binary eco-labels - the model shows markets characterised by highly polluting technological patterns. Only in the presence of graded eco-labels, competition drives the market toward cleaner technological patterns. 相似文献
942.
In theory, one of the main benefits of financial globalization is that it should allow for more efficient international risk sharing. In this paper, we provide an empirical evaluation of the patterns of risk sharing among different groups of countries and examine how international financial integration has affected the evolution of these patterns. Using a variety of empirical techniques, we conclude that there is at best a modest degree of international risk sharing, and certainly nowhere near the levels predicted by theory. In addition, only industrial countries have attained better risk sharing outcomes during the recent period of globalization. Developing countries have, by and large, been shut out of this benefit. Even emerging market economies, many of which have reduced capital controls and all of which have witnessed large increases in cross-border capital flows, have seen little change in their ability to share risk. We find that the composition of flows may help explain why emerging markets have not been able to realize this presumed benefit of financial globalization. In particular, our results suggest that portfolio debt, which had dominated the external liability stocks of most emerging markets until recently, is not conducive to risk sharing. 相似文献
943.
The present paper aims at examining the role of variety in the ski manufacturing industry and its relevance in firms’ price
setting strategies. In particular, it intends to investigate and to empirically test three hypotheses concerning the relations
between: product quality and prices; variety in technical characteristics and prices; variety in service characteristics and
prices. Our empirical investigation finds that prices are positively affected by product quality and positively affected by
variety in service characteristics. This means that a high degree of product variety allows firms to charge a premium price
on consumers, who are able to find the product that best meets their needs and are therefore willing to pay a higher price.
By contrast, variety in technical characteristics negatively impacts prices. In a context where a dominant design has emerged
and new varieties are not radically different from each other, the gains in economies of scale and scope outweigh the costs
of the increased flexibility in the equipment required to produce variety.
相似文献
Marco GuerzoniEmail: |
944.
This paper studies efficient and egalitarian allocations over a single heterogeneous and infinitely divisible good. We prove
the existence of such allocations using only measure-theoretic arguments. Under the additional assumption of complete information,
we identify a sufficient condition on agents’ preferences that makes it possible to apply the Pazner–Schmeidler rule for uniquely
selecting an efficient egalitarian equivalent allocation. Finally, we exhibit a simple procedure that implements the Pazner–Schmeidler
selection in a subgame-perfect equilibrium.
We thank Gabrielle Demange, William Thomson, two referees and seminar audiences at Boston, Palermo and Rochester University
for their comments. Financial support from MIUR is acknowledged. 相似文献
945.
Personal strategies of owners/founders of small business startups are related to performance and to environmental uncertainty.
This is done using a longitudinal data set. Personal strategies are operationalized by a behavioral measure of the manners
in which small business founders deal with situations. The results suggest a dynamic process between strategy and performance.
Business owners that perform poorly employ a Reactive Strategy, with poor performance leading to increased use of reactive
behavior. High performing business owners start out focussing on the most crucial issues (Critical Point Strategy), with high
performance leading to a more top-down (Complete Planning) approach. These relations are controlled for characteristics of
the environment of the firm. Strategy use is dependent upon the type and level of environmental uncertainty. Complete Planning
strategy is used less frequently in a fast changing environment and more often in a complex environment. Use of Opportunistic
Strategy is negatively related to the complexity of the environment, while the Reactive Strategy is used more frequently in
a non-munificent environment.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
946.
Marco Hubert Mirja Hubert Jens Sommer Peter H. Kenning 《Marketing Review St. Gallen》2009,26(4):28-33
Whereas classical marketing research is restricted to purely analyzing reported and/or behavioral data, the new research area
of consumer neuroscience might be able to capture unconscious and emotional processes as well. The present study investigates
the neural correlates associated with different retail brand frames. The authors assume that the integration of emotions and
memories associated with the image and reputation of a retail brand can influence consumers’ perception of a product packaging. 相似文献
947.
With the advent of globalization, the track record of multinational corporations (MNCs) has been mixed at best in relation to their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) involvement in developing countries. This article attempts to cross-fertilize insights from the business-society and international business political behavior literature streams to identify relevant dimensions and contingencies that can be used to analyze the CSR of MNCs in developing countries and the extent of standardization or localization of their strategies. The article makes use of the new theoretical framework in the context of an interpretive research methodology to examine the CSR orientations of a sample of MNC subsidiaries in Lebanon. The findings reveal patterns of global CSR being diffused to developing countries, but also being diluted along the way in view of specific subsidiary endowments and host market characteristics. 相似文献
948.
Felix Köbler Jens Fähling Helmut Krcmar Jan Marco Leimeister 《Business & Information Systems Engineering》2010,2(6):359-370
Growing expenses for health care services in hospitals stress the potential of a well applied IT governance for cost reduction,
productivity gains and a possible source for competitive advantages. The underlying explorative study analyzes the current
status of IT governance through a survey among 206 IT decision makers in German hospitals. The quantitative analyses show
that the most important requirements of IT managers for IT are the optimization and standardization of processes, that IT
investments shift from administrative to medical IT applications, and that private hospitals display relatively higher IT
budgets than do non-profit or public hospitals based on financial turnover. Further, two types of future IT decision makers
are empirically identified. The types differ regarding their future role as initiators for process optimization and regarding
the degree of involvement in strategic decision making. 相似文献
949.
This paper explores the relationship between the gender division of labor, occupational choices, and the gender wage gap in Italy. In Italy, cultural factors and low availability of formal childcare services define gender roles that are generally based on the male breadwinner model, in which childcare is almost completely entrusted to women. The analysis is carried out through an extension of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition and is based on data from the 2007 Italian National Institute for Workers’ Professional Development (ISFOL). The results are consistent with gender discrimination on wages and suggest that women’s occupational paths are often an outcome of limited choices, and that women’s unpaid domestic work negatively interferes with the energy women can put into paid work. These findings support the need to ensure gender equality in and out of the labor market, especially through deep changes in Italian social norms and through the development of formal childcare. 相似文献
950.
We analyze the impact that the educational level of candidates running for the position of mayor has on electoral turnout by using a large dataset for Italian municipal elections held between 1993 and 2011. We firstly estimate a municipality fixed effects model and show that the median education of candidates standing in an election is positively correlated with turnout. To handle endogeneity issues arising from the unobservable time variant features of electoral races, we build on the literature which shows that politicians’ educational level is positively affected by their wage and apply a Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design on the basis of the fact that the wages of mayors in Italy increase non‐monotonically at different thresholds. Results show that an exogenous increase in the median educational level of candidates, induced by a higher wage, leads to an increase in turnout of about 1 percentage point. 相似文献