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921.
Thijs Dekker Roy Brouwer Marjan Hofkes Klaus Moeltner 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,49(4):597-624
This paper presents the first value of statistical life (VSL) meta-analysis that empirically estimates correction factors
for ‘out of context’ benefits transfer (BT) purposes. In the field of mortality risk reductions elicited willingness to pay
values in one risk context, say road safety, are frequently applied in other risk contexts like air pollution. However, differences
in risk perception and the population at risk across contexts are likely to result in diverging VSL estimates. In a meta-analysis
of 26 international stated preference studies, a Bayesian model is estimated regressing contingent values for mortality risk
reductions, originating from three different risk contexts, on the characteristics of the risk reduction itself and additional
variables characterizing the underlying studies. A willingness to pay (WTP) premium for mortality risk reductions in the air
pollution and general mortality risk context relative to improving road safety is observed. Evaluated at the mean, road safety
VSL estimates should be multiplied by a factor 1.8 before being applicable in the air pollution context. Moreover, in an illustrative
BT exercise we find limited overlap in the set of context specific predictive VSL distributions. Consequently, ‘out of context’
BT results in a substantial over- or underestimation of the VSL. 相似文献
922.
Nicholas Powers Allen Blackman Thomas P. Lyon Urvashi Narain 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,50(1):131-155
Public disclosure programs that collect and disseminate information about firms’ environmental performance are increasingly
popular in both developed and developing countries. Yet little is known about whether they actually improve environmental
performance, particularly in the latter setting. We use detailed plant-level survey data to evaluate the impact of India’s
Green Rating Project (GRP) on the environmental performance of the country’s largest pulp and paper plants. We find that the
GRP drove significant reductions in pollution loadings among dirty plants but not among cleaner ones. This result comports
with statistical and anecdotal evaluations of similar disclosure programs. We also find that plants located in wealthier communities
were more responsive to GRP ratings, as were single-plant firms. 相似文献
923.
Elisabeth Gsottbauer Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,49(2):263-304
Established environmental policy theory is based on the assumption of homo economicus. This means that people are seen as fully rational and acting in a self-regarding manner. In line with this, economics emphasizes
efficient policy solutions and the associated advantages of price incentives. Behavioral economics offers alternative, more
realistic views on individual behavior. In this paper we investigate opportunities to integrate bounded rationality and other-regarding
preferences into environmental policy theory to arrive at recommendations for more effective policies. For this purpose, we
will address decisions made under risk and uncertainty, intertemporal choice, decision heuristics, other-regarding preferences,
heterogeneity, evolutionary selection of behaviors, and the role of happiness. Three aspects of environmental policy are considered
in detail, namely sustainable consumption, environmental valuation and policy design. We pay special attention to the role
of non-pecuniary, informative instruments and illustrate the implications for climate policy. 相似文献
924.
Abatement and Allocation in the Pilot Phase of the EU ETS 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We use historical industrial emissions data to assess the level of abatement and over-allocation that took place across European
countries during the pilot phase (2005–2007) of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. Using a dynamic panel data model,
we estimate the counter factual (business-as-usual) emissions scenario for EU member states. Comparing this baseline to allocated
and verified emissions, we find that both over-allocation and abatement occurred, along with under-allocation and emissions
inflation. Over the three trading years of the pilot phase we find over-allocation of approximately 280 million EUAs and total
abatement of 247 Mt CO2. However, we calculate that emissions inflation of approximately 73 Mt CO2 also occurred, possibly due to uncertainty about future policy design features. 相似文献
925.
In this paper, we give an example in which the price of tradable emission permits increases despite firms’ adoption of less
polluting technology, a result that is in contrast with Montero (J Environ Econ 44:23–44, 2002) and Parry (J Regul Econ 14:229–254,
1998), among others. If two Cournot players switch to a cleaner technology, the price for permits may increase due to an increase
in the net demand for permits and a decrease in the net supply of permits after the clean technology is adopted. This is only
the case when output demand is quite elastic. 相似文献
926.
The Impact of Land-Use Change on Ecosystem Services,Biodiversity and Returns to Landowners: A Case Study in the State of Minnesota 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
Stephen Polasky Erik Nelson Derric Pennington Kris A. Johnson 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,48(2):219-242
Land-use change has a significant impact on the world’s ecosystems. Changes in the extent and composition of forests, grasslands,
wetlands and other ecosystems have large impacts on the provision of ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation and returns
to landowners. While the change in private returns to landowners due to land-use change can often be measured, changes in
the supply and value of ecosystem services and the provision of biodiversity conservation have been harder to quantify. In
this paper we use a spatially explicit integrated modeling tool (InVEST) to quantify the changes in ecosystem services, habitat
for biodiversity, and returns to landowners from land-use change in Minnesota from 1992 to 2001. We evaluate the impact of
actual land-use change and a suite of alternative land-use change scenarios. We find a lack of concordance in the ranking
of baseline and alternative land-use scenarios in terms of generation of private returns to landowners and net social benefits
(private returns plus ecosystem service value). Returns to landowners are highest in a scenario with large-scale agricultural
expansion. This scenario, however, generated the lowest net social benefits across all scenarios considered because of large
losses in stored carbon and negative impacts on water quality. Further, this scenario resulted in the largest decline in habitat
quality for general terrestrial biodiversity and forest songbirds. Our results illustrate the importance of taking ecosystem
services into account in land-use and land-management decision-making and linking such decisions to incentives that accurately
reflect social returns. 相似文献
927.
Carolyn Fischer Edwin Muchapondwa Thomas Sterner 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,48(2):303-319
This paper formulates a bio-economic model to analyze community incentives for wildlife management under benefit-sharing programs
like the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) in Zimbabwe. Three agents influence the wildlife
stock: a parks agency determines hunting quotas, outside poachers hunt illegally, and a local community may choose to protect
wildlife by discouraging poaching. Wildlife generates revenues from hunting licenses and tourism; it also intrudes on local
agriculture. We consider two benefit-sharing regimes: shares of wildlife tourism rents and shares of hunting licenses. Resource
sharing does not necessarily improve community welfare or incentives for wildlife conservation. Results depend on the exact
design of the benefit shares, the size of the benefits compared with agricultural losses, and the way in which the parks agency
manages hunting quotas. 相似文献
928.
Thomas Hellmann 《Heilberufe》2011,63(7):10-13
Heilpflanzenanwendungen in der Altenpflege - In vielen Bereichen der Altenpflege kann auch die Schulmedizin nur begrenzt helfen.
Wie gut, dass die Naturheilkunde viele Anwendungsm?glichkeiten bietet, die die Lebensqualit?t der Patienten und Bewohner verbessern
k?nnen. Und die Hilfen von Mutter Natur sto?en nicht nur bei Pflegebedürftigen, sondern auch bei den Pflegenden auf positive
Resonanz. 相似文献
929.
Lars Hecht 《Heilberufe》2011,63(6):14-16
Neue Behandlungsm?glichkeiten des Diabetes-Typ-2 - Weltweit ist eine Zunahme der Erkrankungsh?ufigkeit bei Diabetes mellitus
zu beobachten. Nach Angaben der International Diabetes Federation (IDF) sind aktuell circa 285 Millionen Menschen betroffen.
Hochrechnungen gehen davon aus, dass sich diese Zahl bis zum Jahr 2030 auf 439 Millionen Menschen erh?hen wird. 相似文献
930.