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21.
Maria Eduarda Gonçalves 《Journal of Risk Research》2020,23(2):139-152
AbstractThe first broad reform of personal data protection legislation in the European Union entered into force in May 2018 (Regulation (EU) 2016/679, the General Data Protection Regulation). Remarkably, with this reform a risk-based approach has been introduced as the core data protection enforcement model, while data protection authorities see their regulatory role significantly weakened. The risk-based approach is to be implemented by the data controllers (i.e. the operators) via data protection impact assessments (evoking the established environmental impact assessment procedure) and notification of breaches, among other procedures. Hence the scope of both the concepts of risk and risk regulation spread beyond conventional domains, namely the environment, public health or safety, i.e. physical risks, to encompass risks to intangible values, i.e. individual rights and freedoms, presumably harder to assess and manage. Strikingly, the reform has been accompanied by a confident discourse by EU institutions, and their avowed belief in the reform’s ability to safeguard the fundamental right to data protection in the face of evolving data processing techniques, specifically, big data, the Internet of Things, and related algorithmic decision-making. However, one may wonder whether there isn’t cause for concern in view of the way the risk-based approach has been designed in the data protection legislation. In this article, the risk-based approach to data protection is analysed in the light of the reform’s underlying rationality. Comparison with the risk regulatory experience in environmental law, particularly the environmental impact assessment procedure, is drawn upon to assist us in pondering the shortcomings, as well as the opportunities of the novel risk-based approach. 相似文献
22.
In their seminal paper, Morris and Shin (Amer Econ Rev 92(5): 1521–1534, 2002a) argued that increasing the precision of public information is not always beneficial to social welfare. Svensson (Amer Econ
Rev 96: 448–451, 2006) however has disputed this by saying that although feasible, the conditions for which this was true, were not all that likely.
In that respect, therefore, increasing ‘transparency’ remains most of the times beneficial to social welfare. In this paper,
we extend the Morris and Shin attempt by setting it up as an explicit interactive game between the Central Bank, the objectives
of which we model explicitly, and the private sector. We show that in the absence of costs, both players benefit from transparency
in the manner described previously in the literature, and point the differences in their gains. Following that, we then introduce
the fact that increasing transparency comes at some costs and show how both players face incentives to free ride on each other
as a result. The presence of costs thus alters the way in which greater transparency is attained.
相似文献
Marco HoeberichtsEmail: |
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24.
Gutierrez-Martinez MI Del Villin RE Fandiño A Oliver RL 《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2007,14(2):77-84
Since 2002, the Institute for Peace Promotion and Injury/Violence Prevention (CISALVA) at the Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia and the Colombia Program at Georgetown University have developed and implemented 21 epidemiologically based municipal crime observatories in intermediate-sized municipalities in Colombia. These crime observatories serve as monitoring centres that provide low cost, geo-referenced methods of data collection and analysis, which allow cities to develop more responsive policies and prevention programmes and enhance governance. This article focuses on the methodology employed and lessons learned that may be applicable to similar settings. Worth noting within the results was a significant decrease in homicides after the first year of the programme. Whether or not such results could be attributed to the method or to the nature of the interventions and policy initiatives stemming from it remains open to conjecture. 相似文献
25.
26.
Isabel Maria Bodas Freitas Tommy H. Clausen Roberto Fontana Bart Verspagen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2011,21(1):91-119
Firms increasingly rely upon external actors for their innovation process. Interaction with these actors may occur formally
(i.e. through a collaboration agreement) or informally (i.e. external actors acts as sources of information). We analyze the
reasons why firms consider it to be important to develop formal and informal external linkages in the innovation process by
looking at the role played by firms’ innovative strategies and by taking into account the possibility that a complementarity
or substitutive relationship might exist between formal and informal linkages. Data are from the Third Community Innovation
Survey (CIS 3), where we have access to firm level micro-data from Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands and the UK. 相似文献
27.
Abatement and Allocation in the Pilot Phase of the EU ETS 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We use historical industrial emissions data to assess the level of abatement and over-allocation that took place across European
countries during the pilot phase (2005–2007) of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. Using a dynamic panel data model,
we estimate the counter factual (business-as-usual) emissions scenario for EU member states. Comparing this baseline to allocated
and verified emissions, we find that both over-allocation and abatement occurred, along with under-allocation and emissions
inflation. Over the three trading years of the pilot phase we find over-allocation of approximately 280 million EUAs and total
abatement of 247 Mt CO2. However, we calculate that emissions inflation of approximately 73 Mt CO2 also occurred, possibly due to uncertainty about future policy design features. 相似文献
28.
A continuing challenge for researchers and practitioners alike is the lack of data on the effectiveness of corporate–community
investment programmes. The focus of this article is on the minerals industry, where companies currently face the challenge
of matching corporate drivers for strategic partnership with community needs for programmes that contribute to local and regional
sustainability. While many global mining companies advocate a strategic approach to partnerships, there is no evidence currently
available that suggests companies are monitoring these partnerships to see if they do, in fact, represent ‘strategic’ investments.
This article argues that applying the management concept of ‘investment performance’ to corporate–community partnerships requires
questioning traditional evaluation methods that focus on the results of programmes or activities. We adopt a case study approach
to introduce an evaluation framework that considers performance from both corporate and community perspectives and that conceptualises
partnership performance as comprising four aspects: (1) the contribution of the partnership to the overall portfolio of a
company’s community investment programmes, (2) the appropriateness of the partnership model, (3) the effectiveness of the
partnering relationship and (4) the ability of the partners to achieve programme goals. The application of this evaluation
framework to an established corporate–community partnership programme provided some useful insights as to how partnership
performance can be improved. 相似文献
29.
Ciasullo Maria Vincenza Troisi Orlando Grimaldi Mara Leone Daniele 《The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal》2020,16(4):1167-1195
International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal - This paper analyses the TrentoSmartCity project to redefine Trento (an Italian municipality) as a smart community according to an ecosystems... 相似文献
30.
Maria Eugenia Giraudo 《Journal of Agrarian Change》2020,20(1):60-78
This article examines the expansion of the soybean complex in South America and the role of Chinese firms in expanding their presence in different sectors of the oilseed complex. The growth in trade relations between the two parties has been built on the export of primary commodities from South America and the import of Chinese manufactures—a trade pattern that reproduces core‐periphery dynamics identified by dependency theory scholars. Of particular importance in this bilateral trade is soybean, a crop that has been consolidated as the main export for several South American countries, fuelled by growing demand from China. This article explores China's role in the global political economy as a key agri‐business player and the implications for new relations of dependency by studying the strategies deployed by Chinese firms to increase their influence in the governance of the soybean nexus. 相似文献