Dual Exchange Rates in Europe and Latin America

This article uncovers some important empirical regularitiessurrounding the operation of formal dual exchange rates in Europeand Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s. Although there areparallels between the European and Latin American experiences,there are also interesting differences in terms of the sizeand nature of the distortion created by two official exchangerates; the response of the distortion to foreign interest rates,real commercial exchange rates, and domestic budget deficits;and the motives for adopting this exchange rate regime. Empiricalwork on dual exchange rate regimes is made difficult by thetransitory nature of these regimes and by frequent changes ininstitutional practices.     

Adjustment to variations in prices of imported inputs : The role of economic structure

Zusammenfassung Anpassung an ?nderungen der Preise von importierten Inputs: Die Bedeutung der wirtschaftlichen Struktur. — Eine der erstaunlichsten Erscheinungen der Weltwirtschaft in den 70er Jahren war der noch nie dagewesene und zum gro\en Teil unerwartete Anstieg der Preise für Rohstoffe und Zwischenprodukte. Dieser Aufsatz befa\t sich mit der Frage, wie Preis?nderungen von importierten Inputs in eine offene Volkswirtschaft übertragen werden und — was wichtiger ist — wie strukturelle Merkmale den übertragungsproze beeinflussen. Es wird ein importierter Input in das Modell einer offenen Volkswirtschaft mit entwickelten Finanzm?rkten, einem flexiblen Wechselkurs und Marktmacht auf der Exportseite eingebaut. Das Modell zeigt, da\ Unterschiede in den strukturellen Parametern — z. B. im Grad der Marktmacht oder im Ausma\ der Offenheit der heimischen Güterund Finanzm?rkte — die übertragung von ausl?ndischen Preisst?rungen auf das Inland stark ver?ndern; sie k?nnen die Reaktion der inl?ndischen Preise, Einkommen und Zinss?tze sowie des Wechselkurses abschw?chen oder auch verst?rken.

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Résumé L’ajustement aux variations en prix des inputs importés: Le r?le de la structure économique. — Un des événements éminents de l’économie internationale dans les années soixante-dix était l’accroissement extraordinaire et largement inattendu du prix de la plupart des matières premières et des biens intermediaires. Cet article analyse comment les variations en prix des inputs importés sont transmises à une économie ouverte et, plus important, comment des caractéristiques structurelles affectuent le processus de transmission. On a introduit l’input importé dans un modèle d’une économie ouverte avec des marchés financiers développés, un taux de change flexible et quelque pouvoir du marché en ce qui concerne les exportations. Le modèle révèle que les différences en paramètres structurels — par exemple le degré de pouvoir du marché ou la mesure de l’ouverture des marchés des biens et financiers — significativement changent la transmission des perturbances en prix étranger à l’économie locale; elles peuvent modérer ou exacerber la réponse des prix locaux, du revenu, du taux d’intérêt et du taux de change.

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Resumen Ajustes a las variaciones en los precios de insumos importados. El rol de la estructura económica. — Una de las caracteristicas más notables de la economía internacional en los a?os 70 fue el aumento sin precedentes y en gran parte no esperado en los precios de la mayoría de las materias primas y bienes intermedios. Este articulo se ocupa de cómo las variaciones en los precios de insumos importados son transmitidos a la economía abierta y, más importante, cómo las características estructurales afectan al proceso de transmisión. Un insumo importado es introducido en un modelo de una economía abierta con mercados financieros desarrollados, un tipo de cambio flexible y cierto grado de poder de mercado en el lado de las exportaciones. El modelo revela que diferencias en parámetres estructurales, tales como el grado del poder del mercado o medida de ?apertura por el lado de la demanda? o ?apertura financiera?, altera significativamente la transmisión de perturbaciones de precios externos hacia la economia doméstica; ellos pueden moderar o agravar la respuesta de precios domésticos, ingreso, la tasa de interés y el tipo de cambio.

     

Leisure,work, and family: How IronMEN balance the demands of three resource-intensive roles

Building on the work of Hambrick, Simmons, and Mahoney (2013 Hambrick, M. E., Simmons, J. M., &; Mahoney, T. Q. (2013). An inquiry into the perceptions of leisure-work-family conflict among female Ironman participants. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 13, 173–199. [Google Scholar]), the purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of leisure-work-family conflict among male Ironman participants, as well as the strategies and support mechanisms used to help manage their various role demands. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 males who successfully completed at least one Ironman event. For these males, perceptions of inter-role conflict were minimal, despite the presence of similar demands reported in the Hambrick et al. study. Participants still emphasized the need for family and work role support, as well as specific role management strategies, namely scheduling, sacrifice, and role prioritization, to make their Ironman aspirations a reality. The impact of gender roles on perceptions of leisure-work-family conflict is also discussed.     

The intercultural communication motivation scale: An instrument to assess motivational training needs of candidates for international assignments

The Intercultural Communication Motivation Scale (ICMS) is a tool to assess the intercultural communication motivation of candidates for international assignments. The ICMS performed well in four studies conducted with undergraduate students in New Zealand, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, and Germany. Generally showing a stable fi ve‐factor structure, high test‐retest correlations, very high Cronbach's alphas, and almost no social desirability bias in self and peer evaluations, the ICMS is sensitive enough to detect test‐retest differences. Thus, socially responsible strategic international HR programs can use this scale to reliably evaluate employees and their families for specifi c international locations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Think talent – think male? A comparative case study analysis of gender inclusion in talent management practices in the German media industry

This paper contributes to our knowledge on talent management (TM) by conceptually and empirically investigating the peculiarities of TM and gender inclusion in talent development in the German context, as well as by analyzing whether TM is an inclusive HRM practice with respect to gender. Thus, we add an interdisciplinary perspective to the study of TM by linking it to important findings of gender and HRM studies with a specific focus on inclusion. A conceptualization of inclusive TM is suggested, and as a result of a comprehensive literature review, we identify five TM elements (talent definition, underlying career orientation, the content of talent development programs, the TM approach, and the talent selection process) which – depending on their design and characteristics – have an impact on the degree of gender bias and the discriminatory risk of TM. Respective propositions are suggested, and based on a qualitative comparative case study analysis, this paper provides empirical evidence from the German media industry, which shows important differences between cases in the identified TM elements and indicators concerning the gender inclusion of TM practices.     

From vision to action: Framing the Leitbild concept in the context of landscape planning

Reviewing landscape developments in the last decades evidently shows that in the future most pressing changes can be expected for the land surface. This indispensably calls for strategic approaches based on visions and transdisciplinary creativity. Hence, this paper critically reviews the Leitbild concept, an idea on spatial planning which has been widely discussed in the German-speaking planning literature but which has received scant attention elsewhere. Although the term has been translated as a ‘vision’, this paper shows that the concept is far richer in its content than these casual translations suggest. The paper shows that it defines a particular paradigm for landscape planning that embodies a transdisciplinary approach in which lay-people and experts develop both goals and strategies for realising their joint visions. A systematic overview of the key characteristics that make up the Leitbild approach is provided and set in relation to already available approaches for decision makers. Although there are similarities between the Leitbild approach and other planning and decision-support tools, such as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Strategic Impact Assessment (SEA) and Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA-sust), the paper shows that the particular combination of issues considered when developing a Leitbild makes it distinctive. Through an iterative process, the development of a Leitbild allows new approaches to spatial planning in which space and place can be considered as a social construct, and in which the values and understandings of local actors can be better represented.     

The Protected Area Visitor Impact Management (PAVIM) Framework: A Simplified Process for Making Management Decisions

Ecotourism and protected area visitation in Central and South America have resulted in ecological impacts, which some protected areas managers have addressed by employing visitor impact management frameworks. In this paper, we propose the Protected Area Visitor Impact Management (PAVIM) framework as an alternative to carrying capacity and other frameworks such as Limits of Acceptable Change. We use a set of evaluation criteria to compare the relative positive and negative attributes of carrying capacity, other decision-making frameworks and the new framework, within the context of their actual and potential use in Central and South America. Positive attributes of PAVIM include simplicity, flexibility, cost effectiveness, timeliness and incorporating input from stakeholders and local residents. Negative attributes include diminished objectivity and cultural sensitivity issues. Further research and application of PAVIM are recommended.     

An application of stakeholder theory to advance community participation in tourism planning: the case for engaging immigrants as fringe stakeholders

Community participation has long been viewed as an important tenet of tourism planning, and there is general consensus among researchers that engaging all stakeholder groups contributes to tourism sustainability. However, there are gaps in the literature, and challenges in practice, that call for further research. Among these are the dynamics of heterogeneous community groups and that not all community subgroups have equal opportunity to participate in tourism planning. This paper attempts to advance community participation by drawing on progressive approaches to stakeholder theory in the management field and by exploring, for the first time, the engagement of immigrants in tourism planning as fringe stakeholders, representative of present and future community dynamics. Bringing first generation immigrants as an important but less studied segment within the broader host community into focus moves tourism planning toward a more inclusive approach to community engagement, reflecting increased diversity and change in host communities.