Poverty dynamics in Hungary during the transformation1

At the time of transoformation in Hungary, poverty was one of the most discussed public questions. This paper focuses mainly on the longitudinal aspect of poverty. It describes the development of the poverty figures by the application of different poverty concepts. The dual nature of poverty is both poverty. We aim to dispel some of the doubts about poverty, and portray, the portray the different social groups experiencing permanent and transitory poverty.     

Some Obscurities in Indonesia's New National Accounts

Indonesia's national accounts are subject to regular revisions. Some of these revisions have resulted in different estimates of GDP on both the output and the expenditure side of the economy in overlapping years. Unfortunately, the explanations accompanying the published national accounts make it difficult to understand the exact reasons why this is so. This article explores the possible explanations. It also discusses the consequences of changes to the base year used in the calculation of constant price series. The paper draws attention to several new national accounting initiatives developed at Indonesia's Central Statistics Agency that underscore the Agency's advanced professionalism in national accounting. It concludes with a call for greater openness in explaining national accounting procedures.     

Endogenous International Technology Spillovers and Biased Technical Change in Agriculture

This paper analyzes trade-related knowledge flows from an innovating country to other countries. It is assumed that knowledge is embodied in commodities traded between countries and that the potential productivity of this knowledge is determined by the local usability of foreign technologies. The usability of foreign knowledge is dependent on the local absorption capacity (such as knowledge infrastructure and human capital) and on structural differences (factor endowments or climate) between countries. In agriculture, a large portion of the knowledge is embodied in inputs which cause factor-biased technical change in the receiving sectors. Trade-related knowledge transmission is introduced in an applied multi-region general equilibrium model (GTAP) to study the macro-economic and sectoral impacts of knowledge spillovers and of trade policies. Endogenous embodied technology spillovers bear some important implications for trade policy, because protective measures preclude countries not only from cheaper imports but also from foreign technologies.     

Een leerboek der protectie

Schutzzoll und Freihandel. Die Voraussetzungen und Grenzen ihrer Berechtigung. Von Dr. Richard Schüller, Privatdocent der Universität Wien. 1905. Wien, F, Tempsky; Leipzig, G. Freytag.De schrijver zelf gaf in de Revue Economique Internationale van 1909, II bl. 39 v. een samenvatting van zijn theorie onder den titel distinction entre les droits d'entrée économiquement avantageux ou préjudiciables.Op het vrijhandelscongres te Antwerpen (1910) — dat hij lid was van dit congres, is op zichzelf reeds teekenend! — deed hij een, wellicht door het verzet van Brentano, niet geslaagde poging om het congres zich te doen uitspreken voor een hernieuwing der vrijhandelstheorie. Zie beneden bl. 35 v.In de Economist van 1896 I bl. 320 v. besprak G. een vroeger boek van Schüller: Die klassische Nationalökonomie und ihre Gegner.