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This paper uses EXECUCOMP, COMPUSTAT and Investor's Responsibility Resource Center data to examine gender differences in executive salaries and total compensation from 1996 to 2004. We find that the salaries of female executives are about 5 percent lower than those of male executives, controlling for executive, firm, and board characteristics, and that the gap exists primarily in the lower officer ranks, where women are relatively highly concentrated. The gender difference in salary is larger in firms with more male-dominated boards; perhaps not coincidentally, such firms are also found to have fewer female executives in top managerial positions as well as lower probabilities of having any top female executives at all. The results of Oaxaca wage decompositions suggest that, although the magnitude of the gender difference decreases slightly over the sample period, the share of the gender difference that is due to unobserved factors remains basically steady or even increases. Thus, although women have become better represented in top executive jobs in recent decades, their relative salaries remain below those of men, possibly due in part to governance structures that remain male-dominated. 相似文献
165.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged as an effective way for firms to create favorable attitudes among consumers.
Although prior research has addressed the direct influence of proactive and reactive CSR on consumer responses, this research
hypothesized that consumers’ perceived organizational motives (i.e., attributions) will mediate this relationship. It was
also hypothesized that the source of information and location of CSR initiative will affect the motives consumers assign to
a firms’ engagement in the initiative. Two experiments were conducted to test these hypotheses. The results of Study 1 indicate
that the nature of a CSR initiative influences consumer attribution effects and that these attributions act as mediators in
helping to explain consumers’ responses to CSR. Study 2 suggests that the source of the CSR message moderates the effect of
CSR on consumer attributions. The mediating influence of the attributions as well as the importance of information source
suggests that proper communication of CSR can be a viable way to inculcate positive corporate associations and purchase intentions. 相似文献
166.
The extraordinary growth of the Irish economy since the mid-1990s—the ‘Celtic Tiger’—has attracted a great deal of interest,
commentary and research. Indeed, many countries look to Ireland as an economic development role model, and it has been suggested
that Ireland might provide key lessons for other EU members as they seek to achieve the objectives set out in the Lisbon Agenda.
Much of the discussion of Ireland’s growth has focused on its possible triggers: the long-term consequences of the late 1980s
fiscal stabilisation, EU structural funds, education, wage moderation and devaluation of the Irish punt. The industrial policy
perspective has highlighted the importance of inflows of foreign direct investment, but a notable absence from the discourse
on the ‘Celtic Tiger’ has been any mention of the role of new business venture creation and entrepreneurship. In this paper
we use unpublished Irish VAT data for the years 1988–2004 to provide the first detailed look at national trends in business
birth and death rates in Ireland over the ‘take-off’ period. We also use sub-national VAT data to shed light on spatial trends
in new venture creation. Our overall conclusions are that new business formation made no detectable contribution to the acceleration
of Ireland’s growth in the late 1990s, although we do find evidence of spatial convergence in per capita business stocks. 相似文献
167.
Green marketing strategies: an examination of stakeholders and the opportunities they present 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. Joseph CroninJr Jeffery S. Smith Mark R. Gleim Edward Ramirez Jennifer Dawn Martinez 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2011,39(1):158-174
As green marketing strategies become increasingly more important to firms adhering to a triple-bottom line performance evaluation,
the present research seeks to better understand the role of “green” as a marketing strategy. Through an integration of the
marketing, management, and operations literatures, an investigative framework is generated that identifies the various stakeholders
potentially impacted through the environmentally friendly efforts of a firm. Specifically, the inter-connected nature of the
core business disciplines of marketing, management (both strategy and human resources), and operations are examined as controllable
functions within an organization from which strategies can be enacted to affect a firm’s stakeholders. The prior research
in these areas is examined to identify potential research opportunities in marketing while also offering a series of representative
research questions that can help guide future research in marketing. 相似文献
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Hersey MD 《Agricultural history》2011,85(3):297-321
Though they are often seen as foils for each other, ecology and agricultural science co-evolved. With shared roots in late nineteenth-century botany, ecologists and agronomists fostered important connections during the Progressive era that have been largely overlooked despite a number of finely nuanced studies of ecology's origins. But if 'applied ecology' once effectively meant agriculture, over the course of the first decades of the twentieth century the relationship between ecology and scientific agriculture grew strained. Agriculturists narrowed their focus to increasing yields, and ecologists sought to establish their discipline as a distant theoretical science and so distanced themselves from its agricultural applications. By the end of World War I, the process of disciplinary specialization was well underway. In time, the two disciplines diverged so completely that the once vital connections between them were obscured and forgotten. 相似文献