Die optimale Organisationsform für das Auslandsgeschäft

Internationalisierung ist für fast alle Unternehmen ein Thema. Eine zentrale Frage dabei: Wie soll das Auslandsgesch?ft organisatorisch verankert werden? Ein Modell strukturiert die wesentlichen Faktoren für die Auswahl der Organisationsform. Das Beispiel der finnischen W?rtsil? Corporation illustriert die Anwendung in der Praxis.     

Determinants of weather derivatives usage in the Austrian winter tourism industry

This study investigates the motivations, concerns and obstacles regarding the use of weather derivatives in the winter tourism industry. The findings from the interviews with 61 ski lift operators in Austria indicate that while the majority of operators are aware of weather risks and report substantial weather exposure, using weather derivatives as a means of offsetting potential loss is rarely considered. This is primarily due to a lack of awareness and knowledge, but on becoming aware of the availability of such instruments ski lift operators express interest in their possible use. The task is thus to increase awareness, knowledge and support for the ski lift operators with reference to the use of weather derivatives.     

Value Creation and Value Capture in Open Innovation

Open innovation has attracted a significant amount of attention from scholars and practitioners. Prior research on open innovation has mainly focused on collaborative inventing. However, understanding the processes and outcomes of joint inventing is not sufficient for understanding sustained open‐innovation activities and the competitive advantages of the actors involved in open innovation. Instead, an understanding of value creation and value capture is paramount for advancing our understanding of sustained open‐innovation activities. Open innovation requires collaboration among distributed but interdependent actors who rely on each other’s capabilities for value creation and capture. Value in open innovation is driven not only by actors’ value creation but also by their ability to capture value. While value creation and value capture are discussed in the open‐innovation literature, the advancement of this stream of research is hindered by conceptual ambiguity, especially in relation to the concept of value capture. This article adopts a value perspective on open innovation, offers consistent conceptualizations of value creation and value capture, and outlines potential avenues for further research at the interface of open innovation, value creation, and value capture.     

Wann kommt die Kostenwende bei der EEG-Umlage?

The apportionment of the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG-Umlage) constitutes a significant portion of the electricity price for domestic and commercial customers. First, the authors outline the implemented apportionment mechanism, the historical development as well as a couple of the lack of misjudgments. Subsequently, they investigate the question whether and when a reduction of the EEG apportionment can be expected. A model based on the current remuneration rules of the EEG, which is validated based on forecasts conducted by the transmission system operators, is used for the calculation of the EEG apportionment. The calculations show that an increase of the EEG levy to over 8?ct/kWh can be expected in the reference case, followed by a reduction from 2025 onwards. In the context of sensitivity calculations, various uncertainty factors are identified, such as the development of the wholesale price or the magnitude of the remuneration. Those factors significantly influence the EEG levy and thus underline the challenges in the development of a reliable forecast.     

Die Erwartungen der Wirtschaft für 2017

In 2016, Germany’s economic sectors had mixed fortunes. Gross domestic income increased by 1.8% in total. The prospects for 2017 are hardly better and subject to uncertainties. Above all the results of the US presidential election and Brexit give cause to fear protectionist tendencies, which are especially adverse for the German export-oriented industries. As a result the representatives of industry and services associations expect in 2017 rather modest growth rates.     

Unilateral Climate Policy: Harmful or Even Disastrous?

This paper deals with possible foreign reactions to unilateral carbon demand reducing policies. It differentiates between demand side and supply side reactions as well as between intra- and inter-temporal shifts in greenhouse gas emissions. In our model, we integrate a stock-dependent marginal physical cost of extracting fossil fuels into Eichner and Pethig’s (Int Econ Rev 52(3):767–805, 2011) general equilibrium carbon leakage model. The results are as follows: Under similar but somewhat tighter conditions than those derived by Eichner and Pethig (Int Econ Rev 52(3):767–805, 2011), a weak green paradox arises. Furthermore, a strong green paradox can arise in our model under supplementary constraints. That means a “green” policy measure might not only lead to a harmful acceleration of fossil fuel extraction but to an increase in the cumulative climate damages at the same time. In some of these cases there is even a cumulative extraction expansion, which we consider disastrous.     

Normfare: Norm entrepreneurship in internet governance

This special issue is the first to systematically address the activity we call “normfare” - the assiduous development of norms of very different character (public and private, formal and informal, technically mediated and directly implemented) by different actors (platforms, standard-setters, states) as an answer to the wide range of challenges facing internet governance. We bring together contributions from leading anthropologists, technologists, political scientists, legal and communication scholars exploring how norms underpin the new ordering of the internet, whether in explicit or implicit forms. Through various theoretical lenses, contributions analyze the impact of platforms, states, civil society, expert groups and key individuals on restructuring the normative order of the internet, and present empirical evidence for instances of norm creation, legitimation, contestation and opposition. Valuable new insights for norm development processes come from case studies, ethnographies, legal and discourse analysis and interdisciplinary approaches locating agency and power plays. In this introduction, we define the key concepts applicable to norm entrepreneurship and discuss their interplay in internet governance debates, followed by an overview of the articles included in the special issue. In the final section, we reflect on the implications of our new research agenda.     

A common backstop to the Single Resolution Fund

During the establishment of the Banking Union it has been agreed to develop a common backstop to the Single Resolution Fund. The following key principles constitute the point of departure of this paper:

1. Fiscal neutrality in the medium term;

2. Instrument of last resort;

3. Equivalent treatment across all Member States in the Banking Union; and

4. No costs for non-Banking Union Member States.

For each aspect the legal and regulatory background as well as the economic implications are provided. They significantly influence the common backstop’s final design and the choice of an adequate provider for the steady state.