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41.
The Biofuel Controversy 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Summary About a decade ago, the main OECD countries decided to promote the use of biofuels so as to reduce greenhouse gases, to contribute
to energy self-sufficiency and to create additional demand for agricultural commodities. The introduction of mandatory blending
requirements and lavish subsidies spurred fast adoption of this technology. In the course of 2008, the already existing controversy
about the effectiveness of this strategy culminated as the resulting upward shift in demand contributed to staggering rises
in food prices on world markets. It is uncertain as yet whether this will tone done current ambitions among policy makers
to expand biofuel production. The paper shows that high ratios of energy prices to food prices are needed to make biofuel
production profitable without the mandatory blending and subsidies. Yet, even if food-based biofuels disappeared, the issue
remains that rising high energy prices will promote intensified use worldwide of land for energy crops, requiring huge amounts
of mineral fertilizers and putting nature under additional pressure. In policy terms, this defines three major tasks. The
first is replacing the current excise taxes on energy carriers by a uniform carbon tax, so as to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions
in an efficient manner, the second to prevent price fluctuations on the oil markets from destabilizing food markets, as happened
in recent years. Introduction of upper limits on the use of food for biofuel could prove effective here. The third, much wider,
task is to make the transition to a partly biomass based energy production possible and sustainable, that is establishing
fair distribution of property and user rights over the lands, while safeguarding biodiversity and soil fertility and maintaining
adequate labour standards and living conditions, also during periods that these become non-profitable following a drop in
energy prices.
The authors thank Lia van Wesenbeeck for her comments. 相似文献
42.
Max Lederer 《Journal of Economics》1931,2(1):113-133
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
43.
The paper presents a theory of nominal asset prices for competitively owned oil. Focusing on monetary effects, with flexible oil prices the US dollar oil price should follow the aggregate US price level. But with rigid nominal oil prices, the nominal oil price jumps proportionally to nominal interest rate increases. We find evidence for structural breaks in the nominal oil price that are used to illustrate the theory of oil price jumps. The evidence also indicates strong Granger causality of the oil price by US inflation as is consistent with the theory. 相似文献
44.
45.
Max D. Steuer 《Intereconomics》1974,9(3):84-86
In 1973 the Department of Trade and Industry has published a commissioned study of the effects on Britain of the inward flow of foreign direct investment. The present article summarizes some of the conclusions of this report, but is not meant to be a review of it, as it is written by its principal author. 相似文献
46.
We analyze the incentives to disclose intermediate research results during the course of a patent contest. Despite knowledge spillovers, the leading innovator sometimes discloses to signal commitment to the project, and so potentially inducing a rival's exit. Surprisingly, when development costs are low the leading innovator does not need to disclose to induce the same strategic deterrence effect as that which arises from disclosure. Taking into account wasteful duplication of R&D effort, a patent office can increase welfare by choosing the probability of granting a contested patent and so altering the proportion of rivals that the leading innovator deters. 相似文献
47.
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49.
Socioemotional wealth (SEW), i.e., the noneconomic utility a family derives from its ownership position in a firm, is the primary reference point for family firms. Family firms are willing to sacrifice economic gains in order to preserve their noneconomic utility. Thus, we argue that family firms sacrifice IPO proceeds by choosing higher IPO underpricing than nonfamily firms if underpricing helps them protect their SEW. Our empirical results, based on a sample of 153 German IPOs, support our hypothesis. On average, family firms have 10 percentage points more IPO underpricing than nonfamily firms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
50.
This paper develops several simple separate (or non-nested) procedures for testing autoregressive versus moving average errors in regression models. These asymptotically valid tests are straightforward to calculate: after estimating both models by maximum likelihood methods, the procedure involves testing the significance of variables added to a linearized version of the null model, the added variables being the predictions, or the residuals from the specified alternative model, or the difference of the predictions of the two models. Some small sample evidence on the properties of the tests is presented, as is an empirical application on the Australian unexpected inflation rate series.
JEL Classification Numbers: C12, C22, C52, E31. 相似文献
JEL Classification Numbers: C12, C22, C52, E31. 相似文献