Culture-Based Values and Management Style of Marketing Decision Makers in Six Western Pacific Rim Countries

ABSTRACT

Given increasing advertisement clutter, advertisers are increasingly trying unconventional means to attract consumers' attention. One such method involves the use of incongruent ads, which are believed to attract viewers' attention. This research was conducted to ascertain the impact of audiovisual congruency in ads and the moderating role of product involvement on three facets of consumer response: attention to the ad, attention to the brand, and purchase intentions. Participants were shown one of eight TV ads for 30 seconds, following which they were asked to rate the ad on several dimensions. Results indicated, as expected, that congruent product and music type elicited favorable consumer responses. However, contrary to earlier findings that congruency in ads affects consumers in both high- and low-involvement conditions, we find that that the level of involvement moderated this effect on some consumer persuasion measures. In particular, participants under high-involvement conditions were found to be less influenced by congruent product–music situations. Implications for advertisers are discussed.     

Survival of the fittest: Technical assistance,survival and growth of small businesses and implications for public policy

Concerns about the value of government programs that provide management and technical assistance have been the subject of debate among researchers and policymakers. Based on an analysis of a multiyear survey sponsored by the U.S. Small Business Administration's Office of Entrepreneurial Development, we examine the relationship between managerial and technical assistance and firm survival, as well as the relationship between the characteristics of technical assistance and financial and employment growth. Overall, findings suggest that managerial and technical assistance have a positive effect on both survival and growth, but these effects depend on the size of the firm, characteristics of the counseling experience, as well as age and other demographic differences. Implications for public policy are discussed.     

Leisure Constraints Affecting Experienced Martial Arts Participants

The experienced constraints of participants in leisure and recreation programs have not been thoroughly investigated; nevertheless, these constraints can influence levels of satisfaction and commitment and the decision to drop out or continue participating. The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to examine the extent to which constraints predict member satisfaction and commitment and (b) to examine the relationship between socio-demographic variables and the influence of constraints among martial arts participants. The target population evaluated for this study consisted of individuals aged at least 18 years or older who had attended a martial arts school. A total of 595 participants were recruited through on-site and online test administrations. The findings of this study revealed that martial arts consumers of various socio-demographic backgrounds had different perceptions of constraining factors that affected their attendance at martial arts schools.     

TCO — Total Customer Orientation — Alle arbeiten für den Kunden

Mit Marketing und Vertrieb allein verdient niemand Geld. Nur wenn alle Mitarbeiter auf die Wünsche ihrer Kunden reagieren, sind Unternehmen auch langfristig erfolgreich — gelebte Kundenorientierung als Unternehmensziel.     

Understanding nature-based tourist experiences: an ontological analysis

The purpose of this article is to discuss and elaborate on contemporary research on nature-based tourism experiences. Recent studies on nature-based tourism and experiences are analysed within an ontological framework, with a focus on the view of tourists and their experiences, the nature phenomena, role of the presenter, and consequences of tourist presentations. We argue that four main perspectives can be derived based on the interpretation of recent tourism literature. In these texts, nature-based tourist experiences can be described in terms of the following categories: (1) the genuine, (2) entertainment, (3) state of being, and (4) socio-cultural community. We discuss the features of each view and possible implications for understanding and managing nature-based tourism products and presentations.     

The UK Development Aid Programme and the British domestic economy

The effects of development aid programmes on the domestic economy of donors are relatively infrequently examined. This study reviews the impact of the United Kingdom’s Development Aid Programme on the British economy over the period 1975–79 with particular attention to employment creation and multiplier effects both in aggregate and by industrial sector. Some comparisons are made with German experience. Also examined are the types of companies which benefit from aid-financed orders, the implications for the donor’s own assisted regions and potential benefit to normal commercial trade. It is argued that a greater awareness of these effects should create a more favourable climate for the increase in aid levels.     

Corporate property rights

Corporate property rights present an interesting challenge to the liberal conception of property rights, for it is unclear that the self-respect of individuals is promoted by the existence of a system of property rights for corporations. I argue that it is difficult even to identify who the individuals are who are the owners of large corporations, and why these individuals should be given the same claims, protections and immunities as other property rights holders since the liabilities of corporate property rights holders are not the same as of those, for instance, who own their own homes. In this paper I first try to understand who it is who owns the large corporation. Secondly, I show that the limited liability of these corporate property owners makes the justification of corporate property rights quite difficult, from the classical liberal perspective. I end with a few brief remarks on changes in legal policy which would be consistent with my arguments on the nature and justification of corporate property rights. Larry May is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Purdue University. He was awarded with the Exxon Education Foundation Grant during the Summer of 1982. His most important publications are Vicarious Agency and Corporate Responsibility (Philosophical Studies 43, pp. 69–82, 1983), On Conscience (American Philosophical Quarterly 20, pp. 57–67, 1983), Professional Actions and the Liabilities of Professional Associations (Business and Professional Ethics Journal 2, pp. 1–14, Fall 1982), and Sexual Harassment (Social Theory and Practice 6, pp. 249–280, 1980).