Einzelbesprechungen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Two implications of habit formation for international trade

A country's choice set of trade policies becomes very constrained when its consumers are subject to habit formation. Free trade may, in fact, lie outside the choice set. Furthermore, the rise in import elasticities' values over time can be attributed to habit formation.     

The growth of the French videotex system and its implications for consumers

The French telecommunications authority (DGT) is embarked on the world's most ambitious effort to make videotex into a mass medium. The decision to distribute terminals (Minitels) free of charge as well as a unique approach to pricing services have generated substantial interest in the French Télétel system. This article describes and analyzes: (a) the reasons why this multibillion dollar gamble was undertaken, (b) the major elements of the French videotex system, (c) various measures of the system's progress to date, (d) the major types of services offered, (e) patterns of consumer use, (f) consumer problems and policy issues associated with the videotex medium, and (g) the prospects of the French videotex system taking hold in other nations.

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Die Entwicklung des französischen Videotextsystems und seine Bedeutung für die Verbraucher

Zusammenfassung Die französische Behörde für Telekommunikation macht im internationalen Vergleich die stärksten Anstrengungen, Videotext zu einem Massenmedium zu machen. Sowohl die Tatsache, daß die Terminals (Minitels) kostenlos zur Verfügung gestellt werden, wie auch die besondere Form der übrigen Preispolitik haben zu einem großen Interesse an dem französischen Télétel-System geführt.Der Beitrag beschreibt (a) die Gründe, aus denen dieses millionenschwere Unterfangen begonnen wurde, analysiert (b) die Elemente des französischen Videotextsystems, behandelt (c) verschiedene Indikatoren zur Erfassung der bisherigen Entwicklung des Systems, nennt (d) die wichtigsten Arten der Angebote, die das System macht, skizziert (e) die Nutzergewohnheiten der Konsumenten, diskutiert (f) Verbraucherprobleme und politische Aspekte, die mit dem neuen Medium verknüpft sind, und prüft schließlich (g), welche Zukunftsaussichten des französischen Videotextsystems auch für andere Länder gelten dürften.

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Robert N. Mayer is an Associate Professor in the Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.The author wishes to acknowledge the special assistance of Claire Ancelin of the Service de la Prospective et des Etudes Economiques of the Direction Générale des Télécommunications, Montrouge, and of Pierre Noel of the Institut National de l'Audiovisuel, Bry-sur-Marne.     

Einzelbesprechungen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Death is not an option, how you die is--reflections from a career in oncology nursing

With a combined career of over 60 years in oncology nursing, the authors reflect on the critical elements in the question, "How can we afford to die?" Three high-profile patient scenarios in three different decades promised to improve use of advance directives but did not. Recent societal events, including the debates about health care reform, have brought attention again to end-of-life issues and care. Quickly approaching a "perfect storm" of an aging population, an inefficient and costly illness-oriented health care system, and health care profession shortages, the United States will not be able to afford delivering futile interventions. Nurses, who are consistently seen as the most trusted professionals, must take action in strategies the authors present.     

Heterogeneous Mortgage Markets: Implications for Business Cycles and Welfare in the EMU

This paper evaluates business cycle effects of asymmetric cross‐country mortgage market developments in a monetary union. By employing a two‐country New Keynesian DSGE model with collateral constraints tied to housing values, we show that a change in institutional characteristics of mortgage markets, such as the loan‐to‐value (LTV) ratio, is an important driver of asymmetric developments in housing markets and economic activity. Our analysis suggests that the home country where credit standards are lax booms, while the rest of European Monetary Union faces a negative output gap. Overall welfare is lower if LTV ratios are higher.