Effect of Interest Rate Subsidies on Firm Performance and Investment Behavior during Economic Recession: Evidence from Vietnam

This paper aims to quantitatively evaluate the microeconomic consequences of the 4‐percent interest rate subsidy program, the main component of the Vietnamese Government's economic stimulus package in 2009, which was intended to assist recovery from the global economic and financial recession. Our analyses based on the Provincial Competitive Index 2009 survey and accounting data of firms listed on Vietnam's two stock exchanges show that firms that received subsidized loans were more likely to increase labor, to expand investment and to possess optimistic business plans. However, we find evidence that not all business activity generated by the stimulus led to productivity increases: a non‐trivial proportion of subsidized loans were not used to invest in production or expansion, but for speculative activities such as real estate and stock market trading.     

Revealed Preferences for Risky Assets in Imperfect Markets

In this paper, the ara and rra of over 12,000 Canadian households are directly measured using a theoretical framework for imperfect capital markets which was first proposed (but not tested) by Blume and Friend (1975). The ols relationships between ara (or rra) and net wealth are also estimated, and tested for homogeneity, for the total sample and for various subsamples thereof. The robustness of the empirical results are also examined by using two measures of net wealth, and before- and after-tax, nominal and real returns. The empirical results support the Arrow (1971) and Pratt (1964) conjectures that households have utility functions which exhibit increasing (or constant) rra and decreasing ara. They also support the Friend and Blume (1975) and Siegel and Hoban (1982) findings of approximately constant (but increasing) rra and increasing rra, respectively. Except perhaps for the most wealthy stratum of households, the empirical results do not support Arrow's conjecture that the rra of a representative investor is approximately equal to unity. The analysis ofcovariance results strongly imply that the risk aversion behaviour of households depends not only on net wealth but also on various socio-demographic characteristics such as the age of the household head and the regional location of the household. This heterogeneity in the risk aversion behaviour of households has many important economic, investment management and public policy implications. Résumé Dans cette étude le ara et le rra de plus de douze mille foyers canadiens sont directement mesurés a l'aide d'un cadfre théorique conçu pour des marchés en capitaux imparfaits qui a été proposép pour la première fois (mais non vérifié) par Blume et Friend et 1975. Les rapports ols entre le ara (ou rra) et la richesse nette sont également estimés et vérifiés pour leur homogénéité pour l'échantillon total et ses divers sous-echantillons. Les résultats empiriques probants sont également examinés à l'aide de deux mesures de la richesse et du rendement nominal et réel avant et après impǒt. Les résultats empiriques appuient les suppositions de Arrow (1971) et Pratt (1964) selon lesquels les ménages comportent des fonctions d'utilité démontrant un rra croissant (ou constant) et un ara décroissant ainsi que les conclusions respectives de Friend and Blume (1975) et Siegel and Hoban (1982) d'un rra approximativement constant (mais croissant) et d'un rra croissant. A l'exception des ménages les plus riches, peut-ětre, les résultats empiriques ne corroborent pas la conjecture de Arrow selon laquelle le rra d'un investisseur représentatif est approximativement égal à une unité. Les résultats de l'analyse de covariance supposent très fortement que l'aversion au risque dans les ménages depend non seulement de la richesse nette mais aussi de caractéristiques socio-démographiques comme l'ǎge du chef de famille et la situation régionale du ménage. Cette hétérogénéité dans le comportement d'aversion au risque des ménages comporte de nombreuses implications importantes sur le plan économique, administratif et politique.     

Promoting Energy Efficiency in an Emerging Market: Insights and Intervention Strategies

Promoting energy efficiency and conservation is an urgent imperative in responding to the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, particularly in emerging markets. This article provides insights into factors that may enhance or impede the purchase of energy-efficient household appliances in Vietnam. It also suggests intervention strategies to enhance the motivators and mitigate the barriers associated with energy-efficient appliance purchases. Data were collected from shoppers in popular electronics and appliance stores. The findings reveal that consumer purchasing behaviors are motivated by long-term savings, environmental protection, social influence, green self-identity and innovative technologies. Major barriers include lack of information, low level of credibility of energy rating labels, high prices, time consumption and limited product range.

This article is of interest to policy-makers, social-environmental organizations, manufacturers and retailers in the development of more effective strategies for promoting energy efficiency and conservation. It extends current knowledge about environmentally responsible behavior in emerging markets such as Vietnam.     

Trade diversion and antidumping effectiveness: insights from a residual demand model

A residual demand model is developed to predict the likely effects of an antidumping duty in the presence of trade diversion. A key insight is that the ability of an AD duty to increase the welfare of producers in the country imposing the duty hinges on the import supply elasticity for product from non‐named sources. The only instance in which this is not true is when supply for product from the named source is perfectly elastic. In this case, the welfare gain to domestic producers is maximised irrespective of the supply elasticity for imports from non‐named sources. A comparison of the residual demand model with the Armington model suggests the latter significantly understates both trade diversion and domestic producer gains from the duty.     

Factors influencing the performance of foreign-owned banks in New Zealand

This article reviews factors affecting the performance of foreign-owned banks in New Zealand, where they control 99.2% of all banking system assets. Two sets of pooled cross-sectional time-series data—seven banks over the 10-year period 1991–2000 and eight banks over the 8-year period 1991–1998—provided the basis for the econometric analysis. The most important variables for bank performance were the length of time the foreign bank had been in New Zealand and the parent bank's return on assets. This suggests that parent-bank specific ownership advantages are the dominant factor in their subsidiaries’ performance in New Zealand.     

Social capital and human resource management in international joint ventures in Vietnam: a perspective from a transitional economy

This study highlights the importance of social capital in international joint ventures (IJVs), and examines human resource practices as a factor shaping such social capital. Comprehensive measures of social capital are developed and tested, which extend prior work on ‘bonding’ and ‘bridging’ social capital. We also link social capital with its anticipated antecedents and consequences. The study's findings are based on data collected from 164 IJVs located in Vietnam. IJV performance was predicted by training and by the level of trust and cooperation between foreign and local personnel. Training (including acquisition of management skills, technology, and cross-cultural understanding) also was predictive of the measures of social capital. A key practical implication arising from this study is that the return on investment from training of joint venture personnel can stem not only from the transfer of technical and management skills needed for developing competitive advantage, but also from the positive impact on social capital, which further contributes to venture success. The establishment of written objectives and plans for the venture, as well as the IJV's level of control regarding its own HR functions also was found to be related to some components of social capital. The findings of this study reinforce the call to build on the contributions of local personnel in joint ventures, and in Vietnam in particular.     

Exchange rates and oil prices: A multivariate stochastic volatility analysis

This paper uses the multivariate stochastic volatility (MSV) and the multivariate GARCH (MGARCH) models to investigate the volatility interactions between the oil market and the foreign exchange (FX) market, in an attempt to extract information intertwined in the two for better volatility forecast. Our analysis takes into account structural breaks in the data. We find that when the markets are relatively calm (before the 2008 crisis), both oil and FX markets respond to shocks simultaneously and therefore no interaction is detected in daily data. However, during turbulent time, there is bi-directional volatility interaction between the two. In other words, innovations that hit one market also have some impact on the other at a later date and thus using such a dependence significantly improves the forecasting power of volatility models. The MSV models outperform others in fitting the data and forecasting exchange rate volatility. However, the MGARCH models do better job in forecasting oil volatility.