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291.
The paper considers what can be inferred about experimental subjects’ time preferences for consumption from responses to laboratory
tasks involving tradeoffs between sums of money at different dates, if subjects can reschedule consumption spending relative
to income in external capital markets. It distinguishes three approaches identifiable in the literature: the straightforward
view; the separation view; and the censored data view. It shows that none of these is fully satisfactory and discusses the
resulting implications for intertemporal decision-making experiments.
JEL Classification C90, C91, D90, D91, D11, D12 相似文献
292.
293.
The lagging development of many minority communities has had an adverse effect on economic growth in the United States. One factor historically associated with creating or exacerbating this minority problem is the unwillingness of banks to service minority communities adequately. The federal government used two initiatives to address banks' reluctance to aid minorities: the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) that ended the practice of redlining and required all federally regulated banks to demonstrate that they served the convenience and credit needs of their local communities, particularly minorities, women, and other underserved groups, and the establishment and preservation of minority owned banks that were expected to be more sympathetic to the needs of their communities. This paper evaluates the extent to which minority banks have met the needs of minority communities. The assessment is conducted in the context of the ratings received by minority banks on their Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) audits. Through the use of CRA audits, the performance of minority banks is also compared to the performance of the general banking community to determine the validity and success of the government's minority banking initiative. Analysis of CRA audit ratings also compares the performance of minority banks among different ethnicities. 相似文献
294.
Joïlle Noailly Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh Cees A. Withagen 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2003,13(2):183-200
Abstract. Economic theories of managing renewable resources, such as fisheries and forestry, traditionally assume that individual harvesters
are perfectly rational and thus able to compute the harvesting strategy that maximizes their discounted profits. The current
paper presents an alternative approach based on bounded rationality and evolutionary mechanisms. It is assumed that individual
harvesters face a choice between two harvesting strategies. The evolution of the distribution of strategies in the population
is modeled through a replicator dynamics equation. The latter captures the idea that strategies yielding above average profits
are demanded more than strategies yielding below average profits, so that the first type ends up accounting for a larger part
in the population. From a mathematical perspective, the combination of resource and evolutionary processes leads to complex
dynamics. The paper presents the existence and stability conditions for each steady-state of the system and analyzes dynamic
paths to the equilibrium. In addition, effects of changes in prices are analyzed. A main result of the paper is that under
certain conditions both strategies can survive in the long-run.
Correspondence to: J. Noailly 相似文献
295.
Mohammad Ferdous Alam Ishak Haji Omar Dale Squires 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1996,7(2):117-132
The role of production technology for sustainable economic growth and resource management in the multispecies renewable resources industries is a neglected issue, particularly in complex tropical ecosystems. Given the still rudimentary understanding of biological interactions among species, even in most temperate ecosystems, the importance of under-standing the technological and economic interactions is heightened for sustainable economic growth and public regulation. This paper evaluates these interactions for the multiproduct gill net fisheries of Peninsular Malaysia. Standard price and quantity controls may have little promise. Gear regulations, a policy of constant escapement, and managing the entire mix of species as a single stock for economic rather than biomass yield appear the most promising management tools given the limited regulatory options. 相似文献
296.
The objective of this study is to determine factors influencing brand preferences of wine consumers in the Marmara region
where viniculture and wine production is so important in Turkey. First, the consumers’ preferences survey has been conducted
with 1022 persons in the region randomly selected and evaluated. Then, the informative factors influencing brand preferences
collected in these surveys have been determined by the multinomial logit model. A lot of independent variables have been used
in the multinomial logit model, but, because some independent variables were not found as significant according to Likelihood
Ratio test, these variables are not included in the multinomial logit analysis. Six important factors influencing wine brand
preferences have been determined. These factors are brand change causes of consumers, occupation of consumers, marital status
of consumers, birthplace of consumers, income of consumers and gender of consumers. In addition, whether the wine brand preferences
are independent, has been tested with Testing Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives of Hausman. According to this test,
it has been found that the wine brand preferences are independent. 相似文献
297.
Abstract The present paper combines loss attitudes and linear utility by providing an axiomatic analysis of corresponding preferences
in a cumulative prospect theory (CPT) framework. In a sense we derive a two-sided variant of Yaari’s dual theory, i.e., nonlinear
probability weights in the presence of linear utility. The first important difference is that utility may have a kink at the
status quo, which allows for the exhibition of loss aversion. Also, we may have different probability weighting functions
for gains than for losses. We apply the model to both portfolio selection and insurance demand. Our results show that CPT
with linear utility has more realistic implications than the dual theory since it implies only a weakened variant of plunging.
Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 91B08, 91B28, 91B30
Journal of Economic Literature Classification: D81, G11, G22 相似文献
298.
299.
Summary. We discuss a competitive (labor) market where firms face capacity constraints and individuals differ according to their productivity.
Firms offer two-dimensional contracts like wage and task level. Then workers choose firms and contracts. Workers might be
rationed if the number of applicants exceeds the capacity of the firm.
We show that under reasonable assumptions on the distribution of capacity an equilibrium in pure strategies (by the firms)
exists. This result stands in contrast to the case of unlimited capacity. The utility level is uniquely determined in equilibrium.
No rationing occurs in equilibrium, but it does off the equilibrium path.
Received: December 29, 1999; revised version: November 30, 2000 相似文献
300.
Received December 14, 2000; revised version received July 16, 2001 相似文献