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91.
Irina Murtazashvili Nadia Vozlyublennaia 《Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money》2012,22(3):555-574
We demonstrate that the estimates of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) parameters significantly differ across samples, which are based on different days of the week (representing different seasons). Our evidence suggests that the “noise” in the data is not an issue. We also show that parameter differences for mixed samples, which contain information on different seasons, are too small to distort statistical analysis. This is so because parameter estimates converge to some values (but not necessarily to the true values) for high frequencies or as the sample size becomes large. Our evidence suggests a possibility that the CAPM may hold empirically if seasonality in the parameters of the population model are taken into consideration. 相似文献
92.
As opposed to political democracy and its attempts at power control in the public sector, the concentration of economic power, and its antidote, the concept of economic democracy, has received much less attention. In the paper, we first offer a definition of economic democracy as a “a system of checks and balances on economic power and support for the right of citizens to actively participate in the economy regardless of social status, race, gender, etc.” Based on our definition, we suggest six possible faces of economic democracy and look at their implications for the vision of a sustainable, equitable and non-growing society, as discussed within the degrowth movement: (1) Regulation of market mechanisms and corporate activities. Regulation is one of the most obvious paths to curbing economic power, hence we highlight the issue of deregulation vis a vis possible degrowth policies. A revision of the free-market paradigm is suggested. (2) Support for social enterprises. We discuss different forms of democratic governance within enterprises and suggest that co-operative approaches, common in social enterprises, are better suited to a degrowth economy. (3) Democratic money creation processes, including pluralist community currencies, are suggested to counter economic power caused by the practice of fractional banking. (4) Reclaiming the commons (especially in their original sense as communal land stewardship systems) both conceptually and physically is seen by us as an important aspect of enhancing economic democracy. (5) Redistribution of income and capital assets is discussed as another approach to achieving economic democracy. (6) Finally, inspired by Vandana Shiva, we suggest that a broader view of economic democracy would involve a diversity of production scales and modes, including small-scale, subsistence and self-employment. 相似文献
93.
An Eclectic Approach to Estimating the Determinants of Achievement in Jamaican Primary Education 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Glewwe Paul; Grosh Margaret; Jacoby Hanan; Lockheed Marlaine 《World Bank Economic Review》1995,9(2):231-258
This article estimates the determinants of cognitive skillsin Jamaican primary education. We take an eclectic approach,integrating the production function framework favored by economistswith the concerns of educators about pedagogical processes andthose of sociologists regarding school organization and management.At the same time, we correct for selectivity biases inducedby school choice. We use an unusually rich data set, the 1990Jamaican Survey of Living Conditions, which includes not onlyscores on cognitive achievement tests but also detailed informationon each child's household and the primary school he or she attends.We find that all three componentsphysical and pedagogicalinputs, pedagogical practices, and school organization and climateinfluence student achievement. Our policy simulations suggestthat a focus on inputs alone may be misplaced in school systemswith input levels as high as those found in Jamaica; schoolreforms that concentrate on just a few pedagogical practicescould lead to substantial improvements in student achievement. 相似文献
94.
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96.
This article examines how gig economy platform companies, via algorithmic management, shape working conditions and collective organisation of food delivery couriers. Using qualitative data from one case study operating in a city in the United Kingdom, the study captures real-time intraplatform unilateral changes in algorithmic management to provide increased flexibility for couriers. Findings show algorithmic changes generating a reconfigured, fragmented and compliant workforce. As a result, couriers demonstrate different interests and motivations to work for the company, where disparities in the demands for improved working conditions hindered efforts for collective organising. This article argues that intraplatform algorithmic changes create affordances that companies can exploit to concentrate power over labour even when conceding some control over the labour process. 相似文献
97.
We present a stock valuation model in an incomplete‐information environment in which the unobservable mean of earnings growth rate (MEGR) is learned and price is updated continuously. We calibrate our model to a market portfolio to empirically evaluate its performance. Of the 8.84% total risk premium we estimate, the earnings growth premium is 4.57%, the short‐rate risk contributes 3.38%, and the learning‐induced risk premium on the unknown MEGR is 0.89% (a nontrivial 10% of the total risk premium). This result highlights the significant learning effect on valuation, implying an additional risk premium in an incomplete‐information environment. 相似文献
98.
Time series filtering methods such as the Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter, with a consensual choice of the smoothing parameter, eliminate the possibility of identifying long swing cycles (e.g., Kondratieff type) or, alternatively, may distort periodicities that are in fact present in the data, giving rise, for example, to spurious Kuznets-type cycles. In this paper, we propose filtering Maddison’s time series for the period 1870–2010 for a selection of developed countries using a less restrictive filtering technique that does not impose but instead estimates the cutoff frequency. In particular, we use unobserved component models that optimally estimate the smoothing parameter. Using this methodology, we identify cycles of periods, primarily in the range of 4–7 years (Juglar-type cycles), and a number of patterns of cyclical convergence. We analyze the historical processes underlying this last empirical finding: Peacetime periods, monetary arrangements, trade and investment flows, and industrial boosts are confluent forces driving the economic dynamism. After 1950, we observe a common business cycle factor that groups all economies, which is consistent with the consolidation of the so-called second globalization. 相似文献
99.
This paper reports on research into the factors that influence the adoption of environmental measures in small hospitality firms. The research found that the decision to become environmentally involved had been a value-driven journey, influenced primarily by the development of environmental consciousness. Personal, socio-cultural and situational factors were other significant influences. The paper argues the importance of appreciating the personal and contextual circumstances of individual business-owners to understand their decision-making and operational approach. Further, it points to the value in making operators aware that going green need not involve a major change or capital outlay but can grow in accordance with the business’ needs and priorities. 相似文献
100.
Despite large amounts invested in rural roads in developing countries, little is known about their benefits. This paper derives an expression for the willingness-to-pay for a reduction in transport costs from the canonical agricultural household model and uses it to estimate the benefits of a hypothetical road project. Estimation is based on novel cross-sectional data collected in a small region of Madagascar with enormous, yet plausibly exogenous, variation in transport cost. A road that essentially eliminated transport costs in the study area would boost the incomes of the remotest households – those facing transport costs of about $75/ton – by nearly half, mostly by raising non-farm earnings. This benefit estimate is contrasted to one based on a hedonic approach. 相似文献