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51.
Zusammenfassung Die Verteilung von Zolleinnahmen und die optimale Verzerrung des AuΒenhandels. Mit empirischen Anwendungen auf die Zuckerpolitik
der Vereinigten Staaten. — Erzeugersubventionen reduzieren die Wohlfahrt, wenn auch weniger als PreisstützungsmaΒnahmen verbunden
mit Vorratsbildung. Für normale Güter gilt das Gesetz des komparativen Vorteils, aber Subventionen k?nnen die Richtung des
AuΒenhandels umkehren. Z?lle und Kontingente k?nnen die Einnahmen für die Subventionszahlung steigern, obwohl die Verwendung
dieser Einkünfte für Transferzahlungen der Subventionierung vorzuzichen w?re. Die Vereinigten Staaten kontingentieren die
Zuckereinfuhr, gestatten aber den Zucker exportierenden L?ndern, die Gewinne zu kassieren und als Zuckererzeugungssubventionen
ineffektiv zu verteilen. Die Zucker exportierenden L?nder haben nicht genügend Informationen, um sagen zu k?nnen, wie eine
Kontingenterh?hung wirken würde; in diesem Aufsatz wird eine anwendbare Formel für die optimale Quote abgeleitet.
Résumé L’allocation des revenus douaniers et la distorsion de l’optimum du commerce. Avec applications empiriques à la politique du sucre des Etats —Unis. Les subventions à la production réduisent la prospérité, même si elles le font moins que les mesures d’appui aux prix, combinées avec la formation de stocks. Pour les biens normaux, la loi de l’avantage comparatif est valable, mais les subventions peuvent renverser la direction du commerce extérieur. Tarifs douaniers et contingents peuvent augmenter les revenus pour les paiements de subventions, bien qu’il soit préférable d’utiliser ces revenus pour les paiements de transferts. Les Etats-Unis contingentent l’importation du sucre, mais permettent aux exporteurs de sucre d’en recueillir les revenus, qu’ils distribuent inefficacement comme subventions à la production de sucre. Toutefois, les exporteurs de sucre n’ont pas les informations pour savoir comment une augmentation du contingent les affecterait, tandis qu’une formule applicable pour un contingentement optimal est ici dérivée.
Resumen La distribution de los ingresos aduaneros y la distorsión del óptimo de comercio exterior. Con aplicaciones empíricas a la política azucarera de los Estados Unidos. — Subvenciones al productor reducen el bienestar, aunque menos que las medidas de apoyo de precios combinadas con la formatión de existencias. Para bienes normales vale la ley de las ventajas comparativas, pero subvenciones pueden invertir la directión de las corrientes de comercio exterior. Aranceles de aduana y contingentes pueden incrementar los ingresos disponibles para el pago de subvenciones, aunque la utilizatión de estos engresos para pagos de transferencias sería preferible. Los Estados Unidos imponen cupos a la importatión de azúcar, pero permiten a los exportadores extranjeros que realicen los beneficios y los distribuyan sin efecto alguno en forma de subvenciones a la productíon de azúcar. Los exportadores de azúcar no disponen de las informaciones necesarias para conocer el impacto de un aumento de la cuota de importatión. En el presente arículo se desarrolla una fórmula operacional para la determinatión de la cuota óptima.
Riassunto La distribuzione di proventi doganali e la deformazione dell’ottimo di commercio estero. Con applicazioni empiriche alla politica dello zucchero degli Stati Uniti. — Sovvenzioni ai produttori riducono il benessere, ma in misura minore di quanto farebbero provvedimenti a sostegno dei prezzi legati a costituzione di scorte. Per beni normali vale la legge del vantaggio comparativo, ma sovvenzioni possono invertire la direzione del commercio estero. Dazi e contingenti possono accrescere i proventi per il pagamento di sovvenzioni, sebbene l’impiego di queste entrate per pagamenti di trasferimento del sovvenzionamento sia da preferire. Gli Stati Uniti contingentano l’importazione dello zucchero, consentono, però, di incassare i guadagni agli esportatori stranieri che li distribuiscono senza efficacia come sovvenzioni per la produzione dello zucchero. Con ciò gli esportatori di zucchero non hanno le informazioni per poter dire come un aumento di contingente potrebbe influenzarli, sebbene una formula applicabile alla quota ottimale sia derivata in questo articolo.相似文献
52.
We study a two-player investment game with information externalities. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a unique symmetric switching equilibrium are provided. When public news indicates that the investment opportunity is very profitable, too many types are investing early and investments should therefore be taxed. Conversely, any positive investment tax is suboptimally high if the public information is sufficiently unfavorable. 相似文献
53.
Beratungsaufgaben nehmen heute im T?tigkeitsfeld von Pflegefachkr?ften einen immer breiteren Raum ein. Doch was umfasst pflegerische
Beratung und wie lassen sich Beratungskompetenzen erlernen? 相似文献
54.
Price Stability and the Case for Flexible Exchange Rates 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We revisit Friedman’s case for flexible exchange rates in a small open economy with several distortions and rigidities and
a variety of domestic and external shocks. We find that, for external shocks, the flexible exchange rate regime outperforms
the fixed regime independent of the source of domestic nominal rigidities provided that the monetary authorities pursue a
policy of strict inflation targeting. For domestic supply shocks, a joint policy of a flexible exchange rate and strict inflation
targeting fares well when the main source of nominal rigidities is in the domestic goods markets, but not if rigidities arise
in the labor markets. 相似文献
55.
56.
Chamberlain Trevor W. Gardette Nicolas 《International Advances in Economic Research》2019,25(3):363-364
International Advances in Economic Research - 相似文献
57.
Dieter Pennerstorfer Philipp Schmidt-Dengler Nicolas Schutz Christoph Weiss Biliana Yontcheva 《International Economic Review》2020,61(2):871-899
Limited information is the key element generating price dispersion in models of homogeneous-goods markets. We show that the global relationship between information and price dispersion is an inverse-U shape. We test this mechanism for the retail gasoline market using a new measure of information based on commuter data from Austria. Commuters sample gasoline prices on their commuting route, providing us with spatial variation in the share of informed consumers. Our empirical estimates are in line with the theoretical predictions. We also quantify how information affects average prices paid and the distribution of surplus in the gasoline market. 相似文献
58.
In this paper we define manipulation with restricted beliefs as the possibility for some voter to have an insincere preference ordering that dominates the sincere one within the given individual beliefs over other agents’ preferences. We then show that all non-dictatorial voting schemes are manipulable in this sense, up to a given threshold. 相似文献
59.
Searching for efficient networks can prove a very difficult analytical and even computational task. In this paper, we explore
the possibility of using the genetic algorithms (GA) technique to identify efficient network structures in the case of non-trivial
payoff functions. The robustness of this method in predicting optimal networks is tested on the two simple stylized models
introduced by Jackson and Wolinsky (1996), for which the efficient networks are known over the whole state space of the parameters’
values. This approach allows us to obtain new exploratory results in the case of the linear-spatialized connections model
proposed by Johnson and Gilles (Rev Econ Des 5:273–299, 2000), for which the efficient allocation of bilateral connections
is driven by contradictory forces that push either for a centralized structure around a coordinating agent, or for only locally
and evenly distributed connections.
Murat Yıldızoğlu gratefully acknowledges the support of the CCRDT program of Aquitaine Region. 相似文献
60.
‘Active Ageing’ strategies aim to foster the participation of seniors in the society. Although economic literature has extensively studied the incentives for seniors to increase their labour supply, little is known about the motivations for older people to complement labour with other forms of social participation. This article provides empirical evidence of the role of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards received at work in the supply of formal and informal productive activities of 50- to 65-year-old workers. The results show that workers with higher levels of intrinsic rewards received at work, such as skill development opportunities and decision latitude, are more likely to participate in social activities outside the labour market. Extrinsic rewards on the other hand, like advancement perspectives, job security and pay, appear independent from both formal and informal social participation. 相似文献