农产品讨价还价行为：尼日利亚奥甘州牛肉零售定价案例研究

对市场上的商品缺乏标准的度量和分级是发展中国家（如尼日利亚）农产品市场的一个主要特征。由此导致价格标签很少被使用，事实上也很难实施。在尼日利亚的大部分地区，农产品和非农产品的批发和零售价格都是由激烈的讨价还价所决定的。分级和商品质量的随意性，意味着价格可能无意地被一些不相干的因素影响。在尼日利亚商品交换过程的研究方面，很少有对商品讨价还价行为进行实证研究的。本文的主要研究目的在于：①从市场期间、买方特征和性别等方面，比较牛肉零售价格的形成方式；②估计牛肉价格形成与所考虑的决定因素之间的关系。研究在四个独立的城市市场进行，研究结果表明，针对不同性别的买方，买方价格和卖方价格的形成方式没有差异；针对不同着装的买方（特征），在讨价还价中的方式也没有差异；但讨价还价的时间在统计上则显著影响。统计上来看，多数零售价格变量的平均值早晨比晚上较大。     

Limits‐to‐arbitrage,investment frictions,and the investment effect: New evidence

This study comprehensively reexamines the debate over behavioral and rational explanations for the investment effect in an updated sample. We closely follow the previous literature and provide several differences. Our tests include five prominent measures of corporate investment and corporate profitability in q‐theory and recent investment‐based asset pricing models. Both classical and Bayesian inferences show that limits‐to‐arbitrage tend to be supported by more evidence than investment frictions for all investment measures. When idiosyncratic volatility and cash flow volatility are used in measuring investment frictions, the inference is more favorable for the rational explanation.     

The effect of market orientation on product innovation

Numerous scholars have debated whether marketing fosters or stifles innovation. The discussions, however, have been inconclusive due to limited empirical evidence. The authors investigate the relationship between two focal constructs in the debate: market orientation and product innovation. On the basis of a sample of U.S. manufacturing companies, the authors’ analysis shows that product innovation varies with market orientation. Specifically, (1) customer orientation increases the introduction of new-to-the-world products and reduces the launching of me-too products, (2) competitor orientation increases the introduction of me-too products and reduces the launching of line extensions and new-to-the-world products, and (3) interfunctional coordination increases the launching of line extensions and reduces the introduction of me-too products. Bryan A. Lukas is a senior lecturer in marketing at the University of Melbourne, Australia. His research interests are in the areas of strategic marketing and strategic innovation. His publications have appeared in theJournal of Business Research and other journals. Two conference papers have received recognition from the American Marketing Association. O. C. Ferrell is a professor of marketing at Colorado State University. He has served as president of the Academic Council of the American Marketing Association and is a fellow of the Society for Marketing Advances and Southwest Marketing Association. His publications have appeared in theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of Marketing Research theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, theJournal of Public Policy & Marketing, theJournal of Business Research, as well as others. He has co-authored 17 books and more than 100 articles and proceedings’ publications. He has worked as a consultant with organizations such as General Motors, Emerson Electric, and the Water Quality Association.     

Online social capital: Understanding e-impulse buying in practice

Socially constructed marketing imageries (e.g. e-atmospherics) help consumers while making choices and decisions. Still, human and retailing technology interactions are rarely evaluated from a social practice perspective. This article explores the potential impact of socially constructed e-atmospherics on impulse buying. A framework with three interrelated factors, namely social acoustic, co-construction and mundane language enactment is analysed. The way these allow for e-social norms to organically emerge is elaborated through a set of propositions. Retailing implications are subsequently discussed.     

National cultural values and the perceived relational risks in biotechnology alliance relationships

Cross-cultural interactions are growing at an exponential pace. Consequently, it is becoming important to be aware of the existence and precise nature of cultural differences in risk perceptions. Do national cultural values influence relational risk perception in alliance relationships? This is the issue addressed in this article. Through analyzing risk perception in 344 alliance relationships, the evidence presented demonstrates the importance of cultural values.     

The Safeguard Clause, Asymmetric Information, and Endogenous Protection

When imports surge, governments often must seek simultaneously to satisfy protectionist pressures through increased tariffs, induce adjustment to foreign competition, and minimize consumer costs of protection. The WTO's safeguard clause can be viewed as an attempt to resolve these potentially conflicting goals since it allows governments to offer an implicit contract to protected industries to induce adjustment. In this paper, we show that with asymmetric information about costs, protected industries behave strategically which leads to under-adjustment. The safeguard clause therefore cannot optimally resolve the conflict among domestic political objectives.