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21.
Gadi Fibich Arieh Gavious Oded Lowengart 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2005,33(1):66-78
The authors derive an expression for the price elasticity of demand in the presence of reference price effects that includes
a component resulting from the presence of gains and losses in consumer evaluations. The effect of reference price is most
noticeable immediately after a price change, before consumers have had time to adjust their reference price. As a result,
immediate-term price elasticity is higher than long-term elasticity, which describes the response of demand long after a price
change, when reference price effects are negligible. Furthermore, because of the differential effect of gains and losses,
immediate-term price elasticity for price increases and price decreases is not equal. The authors provide a quantitative definition
for the terms immediate term and long term, using the average interpurchase time and the discrete “memory” parameter. Practical
consequences of the distinction between immediate- and long-term elasticities for the estimation and use of elasticity values
are discussed.
Gadi Fibich (fibich@math.tau.ac.il) is an associate professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics at Tel Aviv University. This research
grew out of his interest in applications of mathematical modeling to economics and management science. He is currently working
on auction theory.
Arieh Gavious (ariehg@bgumail.bgu.ac.il) is a senior lecturer in the Department of Industrial Engineering at Ben Gurion University, Israel.
His interest is in application of game theory to economics and management science problems. His current interest is in auction
theory.
Oded Lowengart (odedl@bgumail.bgu.ac.il) is a senior lecturer in the Department of Business Administration at Ben Gurion University, Israel.
His research interests are in the areas of modeling pricing effects on consumer behavior at both aggregate and disaggregate
levels, product positioning, and market share forecasting and diagnostics. 相似文献
22.
Jacob Oded 《Journal of Banking & Finance》2011,35(12):3174-3187
In practice, open-market stock repurchase programs outnumber self tender offers by approximately 10–1. This evidence is puzzling given that tender offers are more efficient in disbursing free cash and in signaling undervaluation – the two main motivations suggested in the literature for repurchasing shares. We provide a theoretical model to explore this puzzle. In the model, tender offers disburse free cash quickly but induce information asymmetry and hence require a price premium. Open-market programs disburse free cash slowly, and hence do not require a price premium, but because they are slow, result in partial free cash waste. The model predicts that the likelihood that a tender offer will be chosen over an open-market program increases with the agency costs of free cash and decreases with uncertainty (risk), information asymmetry, ownership concentration, and liquidity. These predictions are generally consistent with the empirical evidence. 相似文献
23.
Strategic Responses to Competitive Pressure: The Case of Township and Village Enterprises in China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This study assesses the configuration between strategic orientation and industrial environment for Chinese township and village enterprises (TVEs), the organizational form which has played an increasingly important role in Chinese economic development and structural reform. We argue that the complexity, dynamism, and hostility of the industrial environment influence TVE managers' perception of competitive pressure, which in turn affects the firm's strategic orientations such as innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, and analysis. Our analysis, based on a survey of TVE managers in Tinjin and Jiangsu, demonstrates that complexity and dynamism of industrial competition have a systematically positive impact on TVE's innovativeness, proactiveness, risk-taking, or analysis. Environmental hostility is not significantly associated with any strategic orientations adopted by Chinese TVEs. Implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
24.
Cleryl Stark 《石油工业技术监督》2005,21(1):37-38
ISO和IEC的关系(1)国际标准化组织(ISO)有188个技术委员会-出版了14251项标准;(2)国际电工委员会(IEC)有89个技术委员会-出版了5204项标准;(3)本部在瑞士的日内瓦;(4)自愿性组织;(5)非政府性组织;(6)自愿工作;(7)ISO和IEC与ITU(国际电信联盟)共同努力工作以实现WTO的目标;(8)WTO的目标是“自由、公平的全球贸易体系”。ISO和IEC组织(1)其成员是各国的标准化组织;(2)一个标准化团体代表一个国家:-SAC(中国标准化管理委员会)代表中国;-ISO有148个国家成员;(3)IEC有62个国家成员。ISO和IEC标准(1)所有的国家关系平等;(2)大… 相似文献
25.
26.
Research on rural-to-urban migration in LDCs: The confusion frontier and why we should pause to rethink afresh 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Oded Stark 《World development》1982,10(1):63-70
Over 12 years of intensive research in the field of rural-to-urban migration have left the field beset with loss of direction and some serious doubts as to: (1) whether research has really provided practitioners with more specific means of intervention; (2) proper understanding of such intervention, its justification and results; (3) the areas in which the marginal benefit of extra research amounts to zero; (4) those areas in which some consensus has emerged; (5) which problem areas and specific issues merit intensive migration research in the coming years; and (6) whether or not the academic profession has based its migration research effort in the past decade on an inappropriate set of presuppositions or, even worse, on invalid postulates. A few examples of confusion and/or fallacies that render this list more concrete are presented in this paper. These are drawn from the areas of migration and fertility; migration and education; migration and the distribution of income by size; migration and urban unemployment; migration and the politics of economics; migration and policy measures.This paper, then, makes a plea for a major re-evaluation which could and should provide a turning point in academic work and institutional thought. The emphasis is on reformulation of the policy-related presumptions on which research has been based for the past dozen years. Rather than trying to reach a better understanding of the decision-making process generating rural-to-urban migration and its sectoral and overall social implications so as to devise more effective measures to contain/reverse it, the starting point should be an effort to effectively manipulate the phenomenon so as to turn it into a vehicle of national development and personal betterment. 相似文献
27.
28.
Oded Hochman 《Journal of urban economics》1982,12(1):85-101
In this paper the properties of a congestable concentrated local public good (CCoLPG) are described, taking into account both locational aspects and congestion. This discussion, therefore, completes the analysis of congestable local public goods (LPG) which was started in our earlier paper (Congestable local public goods in an urban setting, J. Urban Econ., 290–310 (1982). It is here shown that the optimal provision of CCoLPG leads to the creation of clubs, where the government has to determine the location and provide the optimal quantity of LPG in each club and also levy congestion tolls on users according to their level of utilization of the club. Congestion tolls cover the αest part of the costs, where α is the level of congestability of the CCoLPG. The rest of the costs are covered by taxing land rents. Clubs will form, possibly more than one per city, even if the LPG is pure (i.e., α = 0) and they will contain a single household if the LPG is private (i.e., α = 1). The difference between these results and those of classical club theorists stem from the fact that here we also take into account the limited supply of land of given accessibility (i.e., locational aspects), which like congestion lead to the creation of clubs. When these two factors are considered together, it explains why congestion tolls alone are not sufficient to finance clubs' operations, or why pure LPGs also have to be provided locally, etc. 相似文献
29.
Oded Stark 《Economics Letters》2012,115(2):318-321
I study the integration of regions in the form of a merger of populations, which I interpret as a revision of people’s social space and their comparison set; I illustrate the way in which a merger can aggravate social distress; and I consider policy responses. Specifically, I view the merger of populations as a merger of income vectors; I measure social distress by aggregate relative deprivation; I demonstrate that a merger increases aggregate relative deprivation; and I show that a social planner is able to reverse this increase by means of least-cost, post-merger increases in individual incomes, but is unable to counter it by relying exclusively on a self-contained income redistribution that retains individual levels of wellbeing at their pre-merger levels. 相似文献
30.
Hsuan-Chu Lin Ren-Raw Chen Oded Palmon 《Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting》2012,38(1):109-129
There is much research whose efforts have been devoted to discovering the distributional defects in the Black–Scholes model,
which are known to cause severe biases. However, with a free specification for the distribution, one can only find upper and
lower bounds for option prices. In this paper, we derive a new non-parametric lower bound and provide an alternative interpretation
of Ritchken’s (J Finance 40:1219–1233, 1985) upper bound to the price of the European option. In a series of numerical examples, our new lower bound is substantially
tighter than previous lower bounds. This is prevalent especially for out of the money options where the previous lower bounds
perform badly. Moreover, we present how our bounds can be derived from histograms which are completely non-parametric in an
empirical study. We discover violations in our lower bound and show that those violations present arbitrage profits. In particular,
our empirical results show that out of the money calls are substantially overpriced (violate the lower bound). 相似文献