Accounting as a Facilitator of Extreme Narcissism

We add texture to the conclusion of Duchon and Drake (Journal of Business Ethics, 85, 2009, 301) that extreme narcissism is associated with unethical conduct. We argue that the special features possessed by financial accounting facilitate extreme narcissism in susceptible CEOs. In particular, we propose that extremely narcissistic CEOs are key players in a recurring discourse cycle facilitated by financial accounting language and measures. Such CEOs project themselves as the corporation they lead, construct a narrative about the corporation and themselves using financial accounting measures, and then reflect on how their accounting-constructed performance is perceived by stakeholders. We do not present empirical evidence about whether the use of accounting language and measures leads to unethical behaviour by extreme narcissistic CEOs – although the conclusions of Duchon and Drake (2009) suggest empirical support is probable. Rather, we focus on developing alertness to the potential for accounting, when engaged by an extremely narcissistic CEO, to be a precursor or implement of unethical behaviour.     

Individual and Organizational Antecedents of Misconduct in Organizations

A heterogeneous survey sample of for-profit, non-profit and government employees revealed that organizational factors but not personal characteristics were significant antecedents of misconduct and job satisfaction. Formal organizational compliance practices and ethical climate were independent predictors of misconduct, and compliance practices also moderated the relationship between ethical climate and misconduct, as well as between pressure to compromise ethical standards and misconduct. Misconduct was not predicted by level of moral reasoning, age, sex, ethnicity, job status, or size and type of organization. Demographic variables predicted job satisfaction and organizational variables added significant incremental variance. Results suggest the importance of promoting a moral organization through the words and actions of senior managers and supervisors, independent of formal mechanisms such as codes of conduct.

Do overweight and obese youth take longer to recover from injury?

The objective of the study was to examine the effects of overweight and obesity on times to recovery among Canadian youth who have suffered one or more types of injury. The data source was the 2002 Canadian Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey. The study population included 7266 youth in grades 6 through 10 sampled from all Canadian provinces and territories. Of these, 2831 students reported an injury event and were included in the analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves and hazard ratios (HR) were used to profile survival functions and estimate relative hazards for non-recovery from injury events among normal weight, overweight and obese youth. Youth who were obese and suffered a combined injury (broken bone and strain/sprain) took longer to recover (HR: 1.81, 95% CI 0.99-3.32) compared to normal weight youth. HR for injury recovery in obese youth were not significantly elevated for broken bones (1.15, 95% CI 0.61-2.19) and sprain/strains (1.17, 95% CI 0.73-1.85) in isolation. Obesity was associated with times for injury recovery among injured youth. If these findings are confirmed in other settings, clinicians providing an injury recovery prognosis may need to take into account BMI status and allow for extra recovery time for patients in this age range.     

An Examination of the Relationship between Air Quality and Income in Canada

The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis suggests that at high income levels, economic growth is accompanied by decreasing concentrations of air pollutants. We examine the relationship between four common air pollutants and income across Canadian provinces and metropolitan areas. Our study improves upon past studies of the relationship in Canada in two ways. First, our use of panel methods and pollution concentration data from individual monitoring stations allows for a much larger sample size than previous Canadian studies. Furthermore, our econometric modeling approach separates and identifies the relative magnitudes of the scale, composition, and technique effects. Our results are as expected for annual average concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide: a positive effect of increases in the scale of the economy was completely offset by improvements in technology and changes in the composition of output. Similar results are found for ground‐level ozone when choosing the measure used to assess the Canada‐Wide Standard; however, the results when using annual average concentrations of ozone are much different. We attribute this difference to the focus of government policy to reduce short‐term, rather than long‐term, exposure to ozone.     

Going green in Thailand: Upgrading in global organic value chains

Under what conditions are some small-scale agricultural producers able to overcome challenges associated with shifting to organic production, whereas most are not? The answers are vital for the global effort to encourage more sustainable, pro-poor forms of agriculture—more organic farming, more sustainable production; more smallholders engaged in green production, more income and better livelihoods. Yet, answering this question is challenging in part because previous analyses of global production networks, such as those associated with organic agriculture, focus more on broad governance patterns than the specific factors and actors that help smallholders shift to organic production and link to far-flung markets. To fill in these gaps, we conducted fieldwork in Isan, Thailand, a major rice-producing area in which many groups of smallholders have attempted to shift into organic production. Doing so allows us to identify the critical challenges associated with upgrading into organic production and analyse how specific actors enabled some groups to overcome these challenges. Our findings provide a generalizable theoretical approach to understanding how to link small-scale farmers to global value chains in ways that can potentially enhance smallholders' livelihoods, spark rural development and encourage more sustainable practices in agriculture.     

Influencing consumer health care choices with quality of care information

Consumers are confronted by increasing amounts and types of information about the quality of health care available to them in the marketplace. This paper explores the state of current knowledge about the impact of quality of care information (QCI) on consumer health care decision making. The paper reviews recent studies of consumer response to information related to health and health care in areas related to QCI and choice of health care providers. The paper discusses recent trends in the availability of QCI and describes the rise of consumerism in health care and its implications for consumer health information policy.

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Beeinflussung von Verbraucherentscheidungen bei der Auswahl von Gesundheitsdienstleistungen durch Qualitätsinformationen

Zusamenfassung Verbraucher sind mit wachsendem Angebot von Informationen über die Qualität derjenigen Gesundheitsdienstleistungen konfrontiert, die sie auf dem Markt nachfragen können. Gestalt und Inhalt wechseln. Der Beitrag untersucht anhand einer US-amerikanischen Literaturstudie den gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand über die Bedeutung von Qualitätsinformationen für die Entscheidungsfindung des Verbrauchers bei Gesundheitsdienstleistungen. Aktuelle Studien über Verbraucherreaktionen auf Qualitätsinformationen bei der Auswahl von Anbietern werden vorgestellt und gewürdigt. Der Beitrag diskutiert aktuelle Entwicklungstendenzen des Zugangs zu Qualitätsinformationen. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Erörterung eines wachsenden Verbraucherbewußtseins im Gesundheitswesen und seine Bedeutung für die Informationspolitik gegenüber Verbrauchern.

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Joel Rudd is Associate Professor of Family and Consumer Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. Karen Glanz is Associate Professor of Health Education, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. This article is based in part on a background paper developed by the authors for the Health Program, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress.     

Towards a new way to measure power: Applying conjoint analysis to group decisions

This paper presents some preliminary development towards a methodology for measuring power in a group purchase decision. We define power as the capacity of an individual to change the probability of an alternative being chosen by expressing an opinion about that alternative. We present a linear model that relates the group members' preferences to the probability that a given alternative will be chosen. The model parameters reflect specific measures of power and can be estimated by conjoint analysis. We present the results of a pilot field study, conducted on a sample of purchasing managers, which favorably assesses certain psychometric properties of the resulting measures for dyads.     

Agents to the Rescue?

The advent of electronic environments is bound to have profound effects on consumer decision making. While the exact nature of these influences is only partially known it is clear that consumers could benefit from properly designed electronic agents that know individual users' preferences and can act on their behalf. An examination of the various roles agents perform is presented as a framework for thinking about the design of electronic agents. In addition, a set of goals is established that include both outcome-based measures, such as improving decision quality, as well as process measures like increasing satisfaction and developing trust.     

The role of the list price in housing markets: Theory and an econometric model

Houses are routinely sold at prices below, but rarely sold at prices above, their list prices. List prices appear to be price ceilings that preclude the possibility of sales at higher prices. This paper presents a theory of sellers' behaviour that explains why there are list prices in housing markets and why list prices are distinct from sellers' reservation prices. The theory forms the basis of an econometric model that has been estimated using data from the Baltimore, MD, area. The estimated model predicts sale and reservation prices conditional on list prices. The predictions of sale prices are considerably more accurate than those obtained from a standard hedonic price regression. The estimated model also explains why sellers may not be willing to reduce their list prices even after their houses have remained unsold for long periods of time.