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71.
Rosmy Jean Louis Faruk Balli Mohamed Osman 《International Economics and Economic Policy》2012,9(1):83-110
This paper assesses the costs of forming a monetary union among the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries by looking at
economic linkages within the GCC, and between the GCC and the potential anchors (the US, and major European countries such
as France, Germany and Italy) for their proposed new currency. We investigate the importance of the US dollar compared to
the Euro by focusing on aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) shock symmetry across these countries. We differentiated
between oil and non-oil sector by estimating structural vector autoregression (SVAR) models with a combination of variables:
oil output, non-oil output, total output, nominal/real price of oil and overall price level. One set of models was identified
with the long-run restrictions of Blanchard and Quah (Am Econ Rev 79(4):655–673, 1989), whereas the set that assesses the robustness of the findings was estimated with the short-run restrictions of Sims (Eur
Econ Rev 36(5):975–1000, 1992). We find overwhelming support for AD shock symmetry across the GCC countries and between the GCC and the US, but none for
the major European countries with the GCC. Non-oil AS shocks are mostly asymmetric, but oil AS shocks are mostly symmetric
when the real price of oil is included. This agrees with the view that GCC countries are subjected to common oil shocks. It
also suggests that previous VAR models estimated to pass judgment on the feasibility of monetary union across GCC countries
may have suffered from problems of mis-specification if the real price of oil was not considered. We surmise that the US dollar
is a better anchor candidate for anchoring the new GCC currency than the Euro, since US monetary policy can at least help
smooth demand shocks in these countries. 相似文献
72.
Kabbashi Medani Suliman 《Revue africaine de developpement》2005,17(3):405-434
Abstract: This paper attempts to examine key aspects of the Sudanese tax system, paying particular attention to the impact of the recent trade liberalization on government revenues. An eclectic method of analysis is utilized. The results show that the Sudanese tax system as a whole is not buoyant or elastic; the same applies for its major handles. The liberalization reform did not appear to have enhanced revenue productivity and stability in the country. This result indicates the presence of substantial slacks in tax collection and tax evasion. The analysis also shows that tax evasion is the main problem facing tax administration; on average, it stands at about 53 per cent of actual tax yield and 33 per cent of the potential tax yield inclusive of the underground economy's gross domestic product (GDP). Assessment of the determinants of trade revenue suggests that the yield of trade tax has improved due to liberalization; however, the marginal benefit of tax evasion is still considerable. The findings imply that a committed tax reform is crucial for augmenting tax revenue yield as well as for fiscal consolidation and macroeconomic stability. 相似文献
73.
Does the institutional environment affect the causal relationship between banking development and economic growth? In the theoretical section of this paper, we develop an endogenous growth model where the institutional environment is captured through two indicators: judicial system efficiency and easiness of informal trade. We show that an improvement in the institutional environment has two effects. First, it intensifies the causality direction from banking to economic growth through a reduction in defaulting loans. Second, it reduces the interest rate spread. In the empirical section of the paper, we find bidirectional causality when analyzing 22 Middle Eastern and North African countries over the period 1984–2004. The first causality, which runs from banking development to economic growth, is more intense in countries with more developed institutional environment. The second causality runs from economic growth to banking and indicates that a more developed economy has a more developed banking system. 相似文献
74.
75.
The purpose of this study was to examine job embeddedness as a moderator of the effects of distributive, procedural and interactional justice on turnover intentions. This study also investigated the relationship between the aforementioned justice dimensions and turnover intentions. Data were gathered from a sample of full‐time frontline hotel employees with a time lag of 2 weeks in Iran. The results demonstrated that the negative effects of distributive, procedural and interactional justice on turnover intentions were stronger among frontline employees with high levels of job embeddedness. The results further revealed that these justice dimensions had negative relationships with turnover intentions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献