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951.
John Dobson 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,86(1):43-50
This paper begins by summarizing and distilling MacIntyre’s sweeping critique of modern business. It identifies the crux of
MacIntyre’s critique as centering on the fundamental Aristotelian concepts of internal goods and practices. MacIntyre essentially
follows Aristotle in arguing that by privileging external goods over internal goods, business activity – and certainly modern
capitalistic business activity – corrupts practices. Thus, from the perspective of virtue ethics, business is morally indefensible.
The paper continues with an evaluation of MacIntyre’s arguments. The conclusion is drawn that MacIntyre’s critique, although
partially valid, does not vitiate modern business as he claims. In short, modern business need not of necessity be antithetical
to individuals’ pursuit of internal goods within practices. 相似文献
952.
Cristian Carini Michele Moretto Paolo M. Panteghini Sergio Vergalli 《Journal of Economics》2020,129(1):33-48
In this article, we have used a continuous EBIT-based model to study deferred tax liabilities under default risk. Quite surprisingly, default risk has been disregarded in research on deferred taxation. In order to underline its importance, we first calculated the probability of default, over a given time period, together with the contingent value of tax deferral. We then applied our theoretical model to a sample of 27,749 OECD companies. We showed that, when accounting for both firms with a negative EBIT and firms with a probability of default higher than 50% (over a 10-year period), a relevant percentage of firms were close enough to default. Hence, the expected present value of deferred taxes is much lower than that obtained in a deterministic context. From the Government’s point of view, deferred tax liabilities are a risk-free loan. Since only a portion are subsequently repaid, the Government should account for future losses due to companies’ default. So far, these estimates have been missing, although techniques do exist and are quite practical. 相似文献
953.
The main goal of both Bayesian model selection and classical hypotheses testing is to make inferences with respect to the
state of affairs in a population of interest. The main differences between both approaches are the explicit use of prior information
by Bayesians, and the explicit use of null distributions by the classicists. Formalization of prior information in prior distributions
is often difficult. In this paper two practical approaches (encompassing priors and training data) to specify prior distributions
will be presented. The computation of null distributions is relatively easy. However, as will be illustrated, a straightforward
interpretation of the resulting p-values is not always easy. Bayesian model selection can be used to compute posterior probabilities for each of a number of
competing models. This provides an alternative for the currently prevalent testing of hypotheses using p-values. Both approaches will be compared and illustrated using case studies. Each case study fits in the framework of the
normal linear model, that is, analysis of variance and multiple regression. 相似文献
954.
Governments around the world are beginning to embrace a new form of environmental regulation – mandatory disclosure of information.
While information disclosure programs appear to have an impact on subsequent firm behavior – often resulting in lower levels
of pollution – little is known about the costs and benefits of these programs and whether or not they enhance social welfare.
This paper presents a simple bargaining model where mandatory information disclosure is used to overcome a lack of information
on the part of the public. We characterize the conditions under which information disclosure will lead to a reduction in emissions,
and ultimately, the conditions under which it will enhance social welfare. Several extensions of the model are briefly explored,
including the effect of two sources of pollution – only one of which is subject to information disclosure.
This paper was prepared while V. Santhakumar was a Visiting Scholar at the Vanderbilt Center for Environmental Management
Studies, Vanderbilt University. 相似文献
955.
We study the optimal timing of adoption of a cleaner technology and its effects on the rate of growth of an economy in the
context of an AK endogenous growth model. We show that the results depend upon the behavior of the marginal utility of environmental
quality with respect to consumption. When it is increasing, we derive the capital level at the optimal timing of adoption.
We show that this capital threshold is independent of the initial conditions on the stock of capital, implying that capital-poor
countries tend to take longer to adopt. Also, country-specific characteristics, as the existence of high barriers to adoption,
may lead to different capital thresholds for different countries. If the marginal utility of environmental quality decreases
with consumption, a country should never delay adoption; the optimal policy is either to adopt immediately or, if adoption
costs are “too high”, to never adopt. The policy implications of these results are discussed in the context of the international
debate surrounding the environmental political agenda.
相似文献
956.
In this paper we present estimates of the responses of individuals to marginal tax rates in their reporting of income, using
data from individual tax returns for the year 1995. One estimation method is ordinary least squares regression. A second method
uses quantile regression, which provides evidence on behavioral responses at different points (or quantiles) in the distribution
of income and so is relevant to the question of whether the responses of, say, the rich differ from those at other points
in the income distribution. Our results clearly indicate that marginal tax rates affect the reporting decisions of individuals.
However, there are significant differences in the marginal tax rate reporting responses for the various types of reported
income, there are major differences across income classes, and there are notable differences in the estimated responses across
estimation methods.
相似文献
James AlmEmail: |
957.
In this paper we present an endogenous growth model to analyze the growth maximizing allocation of public investment among
N different types of public capital. Using this general model of public capital formation, we analyze the stability of the
long-run equilibrium and we derive the growth-maximizing values of the shares of public investment allocated to the different
types of public capital, as well as the growth-maximizing tax rate (amount of total public investment as a share of GDP).
The empirical implication of the model is that both the effects of the shares of public investment and the tax rate on the
long-run growth rate are non-linear, following an inverse U-shaped pattern. Our analysis is completed by showing that the
growth-maximizing shares of public investment and the growth-maximizing tax rate also maximize welfare in the decentralized
economy. 相似文献
958.
959.
Rinaldo Evangelista Paolo Guerrieri Valentina Meliciani 《Economics of Innovation and New Technology》2013,22(8):802-824
This paper analyses the economic impact of digital technologies in Europe distinguishing between different stages/domains of the digitalization process. A set of composite Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) indicators is used for capturing the access to ICTs, the ability to use them and the digital empowerment of individuals in key social and economic domains. We argue that the mere accessibility to ICT facilities is only a pre-condition for moving towards a digitalized society, while the ‘level’ and the ‘quality’ in the use of these technologies, as well as the conditions facilitating or hampering digital empowerment, play a much more important role. Several transmission mechanisms from ICT access, usage and digital empowerment to key macro-economic variables (namely labour productivity, gross domestic product per capita, employment growth and the employment rate) are identified. The econometric evidence supports our hypotheses showing that the usage of ICT, and mostly digital empowerment, exert the major economic effects, especially on employment also favouring the inclusion of ‘disadvantaged’ groups in the labour market. We conclude that digitalization may drive productivity and employment growth and that inclusive policies may effectively contribute to bridge the gap between the most favoured and the disadvantaged parts of the population, thus helping in achieving the 2020 Europe targets. 相似文献
960.
When modelling rating transitions as continuous-time Markov processes, in practice, time-homogeneity is a common assumption,
yet restrictive, in order to reduce the complexity of the model. This paper investigates whether rating transition probabilities
change after the origination of debt. Accordingly, we develop a likelihood-ratio test for the hypothesis of time-homogeneity.
The alternative is a step function of transition intensities. The test rejects time-homogeneity for rating transitions observed
over 7 years in a real corporate portfolio. Especially 1-year transition probabilities increase over the first year after
origination. This time effect suggests that banks should manage their credit portfolios with respect to the age of debt.
相似文献