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541.
We derive the relationships between the net and gross elasticities of substitution and complementarity (i.e., the elasticities that refer either to the conditional or unconditional, direct or inverse demand system) in the general case of non-homothetic, variable-returns-to-scale technologies. We also show that the so-called Hicks Elasticity of Complementarity (Hicks, Oxford economic Papers 22, 289–296 (1970)) is dual to a full-fledged elasticity of gross input substitution that we call the Hotelling/Lau Elasticity of Substitution (Lau, Production Economics: A Dual Approach to Theory and Applications. Amsterdam: North-Holand (1978)). The former is, in fact, the proper elasticity of substitution in the case of the inverse, unconditional input demand. Our results should clarify some issues about the input substitutability classification.  相似文献   
542.
The internet has emerged as a widely recognised distribution channel for the banking industry in Europe. Traditional banks, as well as new players, have discovered its effectiveness compared with other channels. The aim of this paper is to draw a picture of online banking in Europe, by observing behavioural patterns of internet users accessing bank websites and managing their finances online. Similarities across countries as well as main differences emerge in market structure and competitive dynamics. In-depth analysis of Spain and Italy is provided.  相似文献   
543.
Abstract In a recent critical review of de Finetti’s paper “Il problema dei pieni’’, the Nobel Prize winner Harry Markowitz recognized the primacy of de Finetti in applying the mean-variance approach to finance, but pointed out that de Finetti did not solve the problem for the general case of correlated risks. We argue in this paper that a more fair sentence would be: de Finetti did solve the general problem but under an implicit hypothesis of regularity which is not always satisfied. Moreover, a natural extension of de Finetti’s procedure to non-regular cases offers a general solution for the correlation case and shows that de Finetti anticipated a modern mathematical programming approach to mean-variance problems. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 91B30, 90C20 Journal of Economic Literature Classification: G11, C61, B23, D81, G22  相似文献   
544.
In this paper we test the so‐called ‘quiet life’ hypothesis (QLH), according to which firms with market power are less efficient. Using data on the Italian banking industry for the period 1992–2007, we apply a two‐step procedure. First we estimate bank‐level cost efficiency scores and Lerner indices. Then we use the estimated market power measures, as well as a vector of control variables, to explain cost efficiency. Our empirical evidence supports the QLH, although the impact of market power on efficiency is not particularly remarkable in magnitude.  相似文献   
545.
The widely shared view of service sector growth in Centrally Planned Economices (CPEs) is that it was hampered by the tremendous industrialisation effort which ‘crowded out ‘service sector employment and investment. After a brief discussion of western and eastern service sector theories, the authors try to show that while the crowding-out thesis is valid for the period of accelerated industrialisation, it cannot be so easily applied to the behaviour of all CPE countries during the post-war period as a whole. They show differentiated time-pattern of employment and investment growth.  相似文献   
546.
547.
Besides a brief historical outline of the Gini index decomposition proposals, we compare, in a subgroups framework, the decompositions of the Gini index and of the uniformity and inequality indexes recently proposed by Zenga. The two decompositions follow a similar scheme: in both cases the overall index can be at first expressed as a weighted average of convenient "cross" measures, with their own interpretation, and afterwards it is decomposed into a within and a between term by merely distinguishing measures evaluated within the same subgroup from the ones regarding different subgroups. This procedure does not depend on an a priori definition of the within or the between term and allows their contribution to be naturally evaluated preserving the structure of the index itself. In the last section the two decompositions are applied to the Italian net household wealth provided by the 2006 central Bank of Italy sample survey on household budgets.  相似文献   
548.
大稳健时期让宏观经济学家和政府决策者误以为大家已熟练掌握了宏观经济政策运用,本次危机显然对此观点提出了挑战。为此,国际货币基金组织(IMF)专家对危机前的宏观经济政策进行了重视审视,分析了主要共识,指出其中存在的失误,以及哪些危机前的框架原则当前仍能适用,并尝试建立新的宏观经济政策框架。建议应该对通货膨胀目标进行重视审视,协调运用货币政策和监管政策,统一通货膨胀目标制与汇率政策,更广泛地提供流动性,注意积蓄财政政策空间,设计更好的财政自动稳定机制。  相似文献   
549.
This paper is an empirical investigation of the excess comovement among 82 industry indexes in the U.S. stock market between January 5, 1976 and December 31, 2001. We define excess comovement as the covariation between two assets beyond what can be explained by fundamental factors. In our analysis, the fundamental factors are sector groupings and the three Fama-French factors. We then estimate residuals of joint (FGLS) rolling regressions of these fundamentals on industry returns. Finally, we compute excess comovement as the mean of square unconditional, statistically significant correlations of these residuals. We show that excess comovement is high (about 0.07, i.e., equivalent to an average absolute correlation of 0.26), statistically significant, and represents an economically significant portion (almost 30%) of the average gross square return correlation. Excess comovement is also uniformly significant across industries and over time and only weakly asymmetric, i.e., not significantly different in rising or falling markets.We explain more than 23% of this market-wide (and up to 73% of sector-wide) excess square correlation by its positive relation to proxies for information heterogeneity and U.S. monetary and real conditions, and its negative relation to market volatility and the level of the short-term interest rate. This evidence is consistent with the implications of portfolio rebalancing and product market theories of financial contagion, but offers little or no support for the correlated liquidity shock channel.  相似文献   
550.
We study the behavior of subjects facing choices between certain, risky, and ambiguous lotteries. Subjects' choices are consistent with the economic theories modeling ambiguity aversion. Our results support the conjecture that subjects face choice tasks as an estimation of the value of the lotteries, and that the difficulty of the choice is an important explanatory variable (in addition to risk and ambiguity aversion).The brain imaging data suggest that such estimation is of an approximate nature when the choices involve ambiguous and risky lotteries, as the regions in the brain that are activated are typically located in parietal lobes. Thus such choices require mental faculties that are shared by all mammals, and in particular are independent of language. In contrast, choices involving partial ambiguous lotteries additionally produce an activation of the frontal region, which indicates a different, more sophisticated cognitive process.  相似文献   
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