Intelligent knowledge based systems (IKBS): organisational implications

Many factors other than technology can influence the forms of work organisation at several key stages during the process of change. This article discusses developments in the design of intelligent knowledge-based systems (IKBS) and argues that these new forms of computerisation will undermine the position of a number of management functions in the enterprise.     

Immigration,Labour Markets and Employment Relations: Problems and Prospects

In this review essay, I argue that immigration presents employment researchers with a promising strategic research site because it raises a number of theoretically significant problems with mainstream economic approaches to labour and labour markets. Despite the tendency to view economic migrants as homo economicus personified, I argue that immigration brings the institutional nature of labour markets into sharp relief as it exposes, among other things, the influence of the state, processes of labour market segmentation, and the role of trade union policy and practice. Having identified a number of empirical anomalies that contradict neoclassical economic theory, I proceed to sketch out three areas where a more institutionally oriented approach should prove more fruitful.     

On a special application of the truncation problem

Summary A special application of the truncation problem is presented in connection with constructing a model for the analysis of the fine aerosol spray particle size distribution sampled by an impact method. The relationship between the diameter distribution of images recorded on a photograph and the actual spherical particle diameter distribution is analyzed. The problem of estimating the parameters of the actual diameter distribution using the induced information is transformed to estimating the parameters of a truncated distribution with known or unknown truncation point. The derived general solution is implemented to two specified particle size distributions.     

The law-making power of enterprises and the Protection of Consumers in Spanish contract law

The paper informs about the development which has taken place in the Spanish law of general contract conditions. The first part is concerned with an analysis of the factual law-making power of enterprises in modern market economies and its regulation by legislation, court practice, and doctrine. The second part gives a critical account of the new approach towards general contract conditions taken by the newly adopted General Act for the Protection of Consumers and Users of 1984. The author points to the insufficiencies of this Act, most notably the lack of effective procedures to control abuses in general contract conditions. The author refers to the draft of a new act concerning general contract conditions which has been inspired by the most advanced statutes in this area and by the proposals developed by the Council of Europe and by the European Economic Community. The enactment of this proposal would — according to the author — fill the lacunae in the existing legislation.

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Die Gesetzgebungsbefugnis von Unternehmen und der Schutz der Verbraucher im Spanischen Recht

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag informiert über die Entwicklung des spanischen Rechts der Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen. Der erste Teil beschäftigt sich mit einer Analyse der faktischen Gesetzgebungsbefugnis von Großunternehmen in modernen Marktwirtschaften durch das Instrumentarium der Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen und mit den bisherigen Kontrollversuchen in Gesetzgebung, Rechtsprechung und Lehre.Der zweite Teil enthält eine kritische Analyse des durch das spanische Verbraucherschutzgesetz von 1984 versuchten neuen Regelungszugriffs. Der Autor hebt die Mängel dieses Gesetzgebungswerkes in bezug auf Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen hervor, die im Fehlen effizienter Verfahren zur Beseitigung mißbräuchlicher Vertragsklauseln begründet sind. Er verweist auf einen Gesetzgebungsvorschlag des spanischen Justizministeriums über ein besonderes Gesetz zur Regelung des Rechts der Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen, das nicht nur Verbrauchern, sondern auch (kleinen) Kaufleuten zugute käme. Seine verfassungsrechtlichen Vorschriften sehen nach dem Vorbild neuerer Gesetzgebungsakte und der Vorschläge des Europarates und der EWG die Einführung einer Verbandsklage vor, was nach Meinung des Autors die durch das Gesetz von 1984 gelassene Schutzlücke schließen würde.

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Manuel-Angel López Sánchez is an Assistant Lecturer in Commercial Law at the University of Zaragoza, Faculty of Law, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.     

International human resource management in the 21st century: emerging themes and contemporary debates

This article introduces the special issue of Human Resource Management Journal on International Human Resource Management in the 21st Century. We begin by considering some of the key aspects of the changing landscape of international business and the key emergent issues for IHRM at the beginning of the 21st century. Key themes which we consider include: the changing nature of the global economic landscape, with a particular focus on India, China and Central and Eastern Europe; increasing global terrorism in the post‐9/11 world; the changing nature of careers; and, finally, changing patterns of global staffing. We then conclude by outlining the content of the special issue.     

ECONOMIC PROSPECTS AND POLICY

Patrick Foley agrees with Tim Congdon on the unimportance of the current account and with Patrick Minford on the economy's medium-term growth prospects.     

Nonparametric bounds on the returns to language skills

This paper applies the theoretical literature on nonparametric bounds on treatment effects to the estimation of how limited English proficiency (LEP) affects wages and employment opportunities for Hispanic workers in the United States. I analyse the identifying power of several weak assumptions on treatment response and selection, and stress the interactions between LEP and education, occupation and immigration status. I show that the combination of two weak but credible assumptions provides informative upper bounds on the returns to language skills for certain subgroups of the population. Adding age at arrival as a monotone instrumental variable also provides informative lower bounds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.