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961.
Food safety and product liability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper focuses on the U.S. product liability system for food poisoning cases and makes six key points. First, current legal incentives to produce safer food are weak, though slightly stronger in outbreak situations and in markets where foodborne illness can be more easily traced to individual firms. Far less than 0.01% of cases are litigated and even fewer are paid compensation. Second, even if potential plaintiffs can overcome the high information and transaction costs necessary to file lawsuits, monetary compensation provides only weak incentives to pursue litigation. Firms paid compensation in 56% of the 294 cases examined in this study and the median compensation was only $2,000 before legal fees. Third, indirect incentives for firms may be important and deserve more research. For example, firms may be influenced by costly settlements and decisions against other firms in the same industry. Fourth, confidential settlements, health insurance, and product liability insurance distort legal incentives to produce safer food. Fifth, the ambiguity about whether microbial contamination is “natural” or an “adulterant” hinders the legal system from effectively dealing with food safety issues. Sixth, a brief comparison of the incentives from U.S. and English legal systems suggests that more research is needed to understand the strengths, weaknesses, and relative impact of each country's legal system on the incentives to produce safer food. 相似文献
962.
963.
Louis J. Lombardi F.S.A. 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2013,17(1):94-106
Abstract The adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 97 (SFAS 97) eliminated the “lock-in” concept introduced in SFAS 60. Since many of the actuarial assumptions used in the calculation of the deferred acquisition cost (DAC) asset are difficult to predict over an extended period of time, “dynamic unlocking” was a sensible solution. Although this “dynamic unlocking” keeps the assumptions in line with recent experience, it comes at a cost—increased volatility of GAAP earnings. Some of the causes of this volatility are warranted since it accentuates the effects on earnings due to certain changes in the underlying experience. Other causes of this volatility may be unwarranted because of a misapplication of the principles underlying SFAS 97 and SFAS 120 or the manner in which changes in experience were reflected. In addition, most analysts expect the amortization of deferred acquisition costs to increase when earnings are better than expected. Conversely, analysts expect the amortization of deferred acquisition costs to decrease when earnings are worse than expected. Often the amortization of deferred acquisition costs behaves in a manner contrary to their expectations. This article analyzes what causes this volatility, explains why the amortization can behave contrary to expectations, and suggests several techniques for minimizing these unwarranted results. 相似文献
964.
Abstract Cigarette smoking has reached epidemic proportions in many Asian countries, and epidemiologists predict massive increases in the number of smoking-related deaths in future decades. This information is of great interest to insurers who would like to sell coverage in these markets with smoker/nonsmoker-distinct pricing. This review examines excess mortality due to cigarette smoking in Asia as determined by a second-quarter 1998 Internet search of the world’s English-language medical literature for references published during the preceding five years. Studies to date which observed fairly low relative risks of mortality in smokers compared with nonsmokers in Asia despite a high prevalence of smoking can be explained by the fact that health outcome data represent early experience. Given similar associations between smoking and mortality in Asian and Western studies, it is likely that mortality patterns of smokers in Asia eventually will mirror those seen in the U.S. and the United Kingdom. 相似文献
965.
This paper examines global recessions as a cascade phenomenon. In other words, how recessions arising within one or more countries
might percolate across a network of connected economies. An agent based model is set up in which the agents are Western economies.
A country has a probability of entering recession in any given year and one of emerging from it the next. In addition, the
agents have a threshold propensity, which varies across time, to import a recession from the agents most closely connected
to them. The agents are connected on a network, and an agent’s neighbours at any time are either in (state 1) or out (state
0) of recession. If the weighted sum exceeds the threshold, the agent also goes into recession. Annual real GDP growth for
17 Western countries 1871–2006 is used as the data set. The model is able to replicate three key features of the statistical
distribution of recessions: the distribution of the number of countries in recession in any given year, the duration of recessions
within the individual countries, and the distribution of ‘wait time’ between recessions i.e. the number of years between them.
The network structure is important for the interacting agents to replicate the stylised facts. The country-specific probabilities
of entering and emerging from recession by themselves give results which are by no means as well matched to the actual data.
We are grateful to an anonymous referee for some extremely helpful comments. 相似文献
966.
967.
Abstract This article employs a longitudinal form of the Grade of Membership (GoM) model to specify and estimate a multivariate model of the trajectories of morbidity, disability, and mortality among longitudinally followed elderly respondents to the National Long-Term Care Survey (NLTCS) of 1984, 1989, 1994, and 1999. A distinct trajectory was constructed for each individual respondent to the survey. The trajectories described the progressive declines over time in physical and cognitive functioning among a nationally representative sample of the U.S. elderly population. The model was structured to represent simultaneously the essential features of the fixed frailty model of Vaupel, Manton, and Stallard and Strehler and Mildvan’s model of linearly declining vitality. Unlike those models, however, the longitudinal GoM model was designed for easy and direct application to existing longitudinal data sets. The measurement space in the NLTCS application included from one to four sets of repeated measures for each survey respondent on 95 independent variables characterizing the nature and intensity of limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), physical functioning, and cognitive functioning, as well as indicators of behavioral characteristics, medical conditions, subjective health, age, race, sex, institutional status, and survival status. The application showed that the model can be fitted to existing data and that the results were interpretable as generalizations of fixed frailty with linearly declining vitality. 相似文献
968.
Using quarterly data for 1972–2000, the paper examines the long-term and short-term movements of the US-Canadian exchange rate. It is found that the standard purchasing power parity condition fails to explain movements of the Canadian dollar. The explanatory power of the model increases significantly when resource commodity prices are added to the equation. Short-term movements in the Canadian dollar are influenced by the interest rate differential between Canada and the USA. 相似文献
969.
Javier Coto-Martínez María D. C. García-Alonso† Paul Levine‡ 《Bulletin of economic research》2009,61(2):127-138
We extend the Benassy 'taste for variety' model to an open economy setting. With the Benassy effect, the market equilibrium is inefficient, openness reduces the varieties provided in the unconstrained optimum and there are potential gains from international coordination. 相似文献
970.