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151.
Kremer and Snyder (Q J Econ 130:1167–1239, 2015) show that demand curves for a preventive and treatment may have different shapes though they target the same disease, biasing the pharmaceutical manufacturer toward developing the lucrative rather than the socially desirable product. This paper tightens the theoretical bounds on the potential deadweight loss from such biases. Using a calibration of the global demand for HIV pharmaceuticals, we demonstrate the dramatically sharper analysis achievable with the new bounds, allowing us to pinpoint potential deadweight loss at 62% of the global gain from curing HIV. We use the calibration to perform policy counterfactuals, assessing welfare effects of government policies such as a subsidy, reference pricing, and price-discrimination ban. The fit of our calibration is good: we find that a hypothetical drug monopolist would price an HIV drug so high that only 4% of the infected population worldwide would purchase, matching actual drug prices and quantities in the early 2000s before subsidies in low-income countries ramped up. 相似文献
152.
We analyze the evolution of health insurer costs in Massachusetts between 2010 and 2012, paying particular attention to changes in the composition of enrollees. This was a period in which Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) increasingly used physician cost control incentives but Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) did not. We show that cost growth and its components cannot be understood without accounting for (1) consumers’ switching between plans, and (2) differences in cost characteristics between new entrants and those leaving the market. New entrants are markedly less costly than those leaving (and their costs fall after their entering year), so cost growth of continuing enrollees in a plan is significantly higher than average per-member cost growth. Relatively high-cost HMO members switch to PPOs while low-cost PPO members switch to HMOs, so the impact of cost control incentives on HMO costs is likely different from their impact on market-wide insurer costs. 相似文献
153.
Taehwan Kim 《Review of Industrial Organization》2018,53(3):507-534
I examine price dispersion in retail gasoline and focus on differentiation along the service dimension: full service versus self service. Consistent with more intensive search by self-service customers, I find that price dispersion always decreases with the number of nearby self-service stations, but does not decrease with the number of nearby full-service stations. When I segment the market by brand, I observe that the estimates are sensitive to how brands are separated into different types. These findings show that the market is more clearly segmented by service level than by brand type and also highlight the importance of product differentiation when modeling price dispersion. 相似文献
154.
This article introduces the special issue on the intersection between industrial organization and healthcare economics. This intersection has received increasing research interest, growing from 2% of the industrial-organization literature in 1991 to 6% in 2016. We describe the nine included articles, which cover a range of healthcare markets that include hospital services, insurance, and pharmaceuticals. 相似文献
155.
Federico Mini 《Review of Industrial Organization》2018,53(3):535-561
I analyze empirically all of the European Commission’s decisions regarding “unilateral effects” aspects of horizontal mergers before and after the 2004 reform, which introduced the “significant impediment to effective competition” test in merger policy. I find that, after the reform, the Commission did not change its stance toward mergers to monopoly or quasi-monopoly (almost always challenged) and mergers in un-concentrated markets (almost never). The new test produced more frequent challenges when the combined entity is not the largest firm, but these cases remain rare. The Commission’s stance toward mergers that fall between these polar opposites appears to have been tougher pre-reform ceteris paribus. 相似文献
156.
Luke M. Froeb Russell W. Pittman Charles S. Taragin Steven Tschantz Gregory J. Werden 《Review of Industrial Organization》2018,53(4):637-651
This article describes some of the work of Antitrust Division economists over the past year, with a focus on modeling. It begins by illustrating the mapping from evidence to prediction using tools for assessing the effects of mergers using Bertrand, Cournot, and auction models. It then turns to two hot topics in competition policy: the implications of claims of increasing margins for merger enforcement and the validity of claims of increasing concentration. Finally, it considers how mergers affect prices in bargaining models. 相似文献
157.
Mergers are generally conglomerate in nature with only minor (if any) horizontal overlaps. Under U.S. law, an enforcement
agency may challenge any anticompetitive aspect of the merger and the consequent delay associated with litigation would impose
costs on the firm. These costs may give the enforcement agency “leverage” to extract a settlement even when the firm would
prevail in court. This paper explores whether the FTC’s decisions to challenge transactions approximate the case law. We find
that the representative enforcement regimes of the FTC and the courts are remarkably similar, although the FTC credits efficiencies,
while courts consider buyer sophistication as a mitigating factor. 相似文献
158.
This paper examines the welfare effects of physically interconnecting two (network) markets that were previously separated.
In each market a different set of capacity-constrained firms operate. Firms engage in a supergame and collude whenever it
is rational for them to do so.We find that, under certain parametric restrictions, interconnection of the two markets reduces
total welfare. The collusive horizon may extend from a single market to the overall integrated market. In such case, interconnection
can be viewed as “exporting” collusion, rather than competition.
相似文献
159.
Building upon the market, institutional, and cultural perspectives, this paper identifies the major impetuses and impediments
that affect the professionalization of Chinese family business at the environment, firm, and owner levels. Our integrative
framework projects that whether a family business owner will adopt professional managers is largely determined by the relative
strength of impetus factors and impediment factors. We then discuss the possible governance choices under different configuration
of impetuses and impediments. This theoretical framework is expected to help set the momentum for further conceptual exploration
and empirical study in this area.
Jianjun Zhang (PhD, University of California at Berkeley) is an assistant professor at Guanghua School of Management, Peking University. His interests include entrepreneurship, firm governance, and political strategy of Chinese private firms. He is the author of Marketization and democracy in China and a number of articles. Hao Ma (PhD, University of Texas at Austin) is a professor of management at University of Illinois at Springfield, and professor of management and director of Academic Committee at Beijing International MBA Program, China Center for Economic Research, Peking University. His research interests include the nature and cause of competitive advantage, competitive analysis, strategic decision making, leadership style, and the entrepreneurial process, especially the exploration of the above topics in international setting. He has published in Academy of Management Review, Journal of Business Venturing, Journal of International Management, and Organization Dynamics, among others. 相似文献
Hao MaEmail: |
Jianjun Zhang (PhD, University of California at Berkeley) is an assistant professor at Guanghua School of Management, Peking University. His interests include entrepreneurship, firm governance, and political strategy of Chinese private firms. He is the author of Marketization and democracy in China and a number of articles. Hao Ma (PhD, University of Texas at Austin) is a professor of management at University of Illinois at Springfield, and professor of management and director of Academic Committee at Beijing International MBA Program, China Center for Economic Research, Peking University. His research interests include the nature and cause of competitive advantage, competitive analysis, strategic decision making, leadership style, and the entrepreneurial process, especially the exploration of the above topics in international setting. He has published in Academy of Management Review, Journal of Business Venturing, Journal of International Management, and Organization Dynamics, among others. 相似文献
160.
Yue Wang 《Asia Pacific Journal of Management》2009,26(2):353-360
In commenting Meyer’s article “Asian management research needs more self-confidence” in APJM (2006), Yang and Terjesen (Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 24(4):497–507, 2007) described ground realities in Australia that may have inhibited the development of a robust management
research community. As an Australia-trained and Australia-based Asian management scholar, I extend the “P” perspective by
exploring how the formal and informal institutions interact in shaping Australia-based scholars’ publication strategies and
research performance. Reflecting on my experience in Australia, I argue that like in any other businesses, institutions matter
in our business of research and publication. They matter because they can shape the local “rule of the game” within which
a country’s or a region’s scholars conduct and publish their research. A full institutional account of the current state of
management research in the Asia Pacific region requires a deeper understanding of both formal and informal local institutions.
From such an institutional perspective, this commentary concentrates on why Australian management research lags behind that
in the US and Europe and yet leads the Asia Pacific region.
相似文献
Yue WangEmail: |