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21.
Over the past decade, a growing number of Anglo-American and Scandinavian researchers have documented the extent to which the university environment provides opportunities for workplace bullying. By contrast, there has been a visible lack of similar studies in non-Western national contexts, such as the Czech Republic and other Central Eastern European (CEE) countries. The present article addresses this gap by reporting the findings of the first large-scale study into workplace bullying among university employees in the Czech Republic. The exposure to bullying was assessed with the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) in a sample of 1,533 university employees. The results showed that 13.6 % of the respondents were classified as bullying targets based on an operational definition of bullying (weekly exposure to one negative act), while 7.9 % of the respondents were identified as targets based on self-reports. This prevalence is comparable to bullying rates in Scandinavia but considerably lower than in Anglo-American universities. Differences between Anglo-American and Czech universities were also found with respect to the status of perpetrators (bullying was perpetrated mostly by individual supervisors in the Czech sample), perceived causes of bullying (structural causes perceived as relatively unimportant in the Czech sample), and targets’ responses to bullying (minimal use of formal responses in the Czech sample). The authors propose that cross-cultural differences as well as differences between the Anglo-American model of “neoliberal university” and the Czech model of university governance based on “academic oligarchy” can be used to explain these different findings. 相似文献
22.
Assessing the effect of alternative land uses in the provision of water resources: Evidence and policy implications from southern Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eneko Garmendia Petr Mariel Ibon Tamayo Iñaki Aizpuru Ane Zabaleta 《Land use policy》2012,29(4):761-770
Ecosystem goods and services have been brought to the forefront of policy making all over the world. It is acknowledged that these goods and services underpin human well-being. The provision of water resources is amongst those services that have raised more attention, given its unquestionable value and global threats like climatic change. Nevertheless, the biophysical basis that determines the land-use/water interactions has been often ignored. For the formulation of sound decisions, it is necessary to extend the empirical basis that determines these complex relations. With this aim, the present paper analyses the effect of alternative types of land cover in the provision of water resources. In doing so, we compare hydrological, meteorological and land-cover data obtained in 15 watersheds located in the Basque Country (Northern Spain). Moreover we discuss the implications of including water resources in land-use policy and planning and address areas for further research. 相似文献
23.
This paper proposes a novel framework that generalizes the timing structure of games. Building on alternating move games and models of rational inattention, the players' actions may be rigid, i.e., infrequent. This rigidity in the timing of moves makes the game more dynamic and asynchronous, acting as a commitment mechanism. Therefore, it can enhance cooperation and often eliminate inefficient equilibrium outcomes present in the static (normal form) game. Interestingly, (i) this can happen even in a finite game (possibly as short as two periods) and (ii) without reputation building. Furthermore, (iii) the required degree of commitment may be under some circumstances arbitrarily low and under others infinitely high. Our main example comes from macroeconomics in which various rigidities have played a central role. Investigating the Kydland–Prescott–Barro–Gordon monetary policy game, we derive the necessary and sufficient degree of long-term policy commitment to low inflation under which the influential time-inconsistency problem is eliminated. 相似文献
24.
Barbara Lippert Deputy Director of the Institut für Europ?ische Politik Berlin and lecturer at Humboldt University Berlin Germany Iris Kempe Senior research fellow Center for Applied Policy Research Munich Germany. Petr Kratochvííl Deputy Director 《Intereconomics》2007,42(4):180-204
The European Neighbourhood Policy aims at creating a ring of stable, friendly
and democratic countries surrounding the European Union. While this aim is generally
accepted across the Union, major differences persist as to how it should be achieved.
Where does the ENP stand today? What is its profile, potential and perspective? 相似文献
25.
26.
In this paper, we empirically investigate the determinants of the governance form of strategic alliances. We use a database
with 1,344 worldwide alliances in several industrial sectors. In contrast with previous empirical studies, we find that alliances
undertaking R&D activities are more likely to use loose forms of organization (contractual agreements) than more hierarchical
ones (joint ventures), and this result is even stronger when the alliance takes place in technologically sophisticated sectors.
Moreover, we show that alliances between rival firms tend also to be organized with forms closer to arm’s length transactions.
When the scope of an alliance is multidimensional or the alliance is an international one, however, firms prefer more hierarchical
organizations such as joint ventures.
This paper was partially written while the first author was visiting the University of the Basque Country. We would like to
thank Reinhilde Veugelers and the project FWO spillovers 6.0131.98 at the Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven for the use of
the K.U. database. Financial support from projects Progetto Giovani Ricercatori – 1999 Universitá di Udine, SEJ 2004-02172/ECON,
9/UPV 00035.321-13560/2001, UPV 00038.321-13503/2001 is gratefully acknowledged. We are also indebted to two anonymous referees
for their helpful comments. 相似文献
27.
Gerald C. Nelson Dominique van der Mensbrugghe Helal Ahammad Elodie Blanc Katherine Calvin Tomoko Hasegawa Petr Havlik Edwina Heyhoe Page Kyle Hermann Lotze‐Campen Martin von Lampe Daniel Mason d'Croz Hans van Meijl Christoph Müller John Reilly Richard Robertson Ronald D. Sands Christoph Schmitz Andrzej Tabeau Kiyoshi Takahashi Hugo Valin Dirk Willenbockel 《Agricultural Economics》2014,45(1):85-101
Agriculture is unique among economic sectors in the nature of impacts from climate change. The production activity that transforms inputs into agricultural outputs involves direct use of weather inputs (temperature, solar radiation available to the plant, and precipitation). Previous studies of the impacts of climate change on agriculture have reported substantial differences in outcomes such as prices, production, and trade arising from differences in model inputs and model specification. This article presents climate change results and underlying determinants from a model comparison exercise with 10 of the leading global economic models that include significant representation of agriculture. By harmonizing key drivers that include climate change effects, differences in model outcomes were reduced. The particular choice of climate change drivers for this comparison activity results in large and negative productivity effects. All models respond with higher prices. Producer behavior differs by model with some emphasizing area response and others yield response. Demand response is least important. The differences reflect both differences in model specification and perspectives on the future. The results from this study highlight the need to more fully compare the deep model parameters, to generate a call for a combination of econometric and validation studies to narrow the degree of uncertainty and variability in these parameters and to move to Monte Carlo type simulations to better map the contours of economic uncertainty. 相似文献
28.
Farming system modelling for agri-environmental policy design: The case of a spatially non-aggregated allocation of conservation measures 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Laure Bamière Petr Havlík Florence JacquetMichel Lherm Guy MilletVincent Bretagnolle 《Ecological Economics》2011,70(5):891-899
This paper addresses the issue of designing policies for habitat conservation on agricultural land. The case under study requires a non-aggregated spatial distribution of the fields to be enrolled in an agri-environmental programme. A spatially explicit mathematical programming farm-based model, which accounts for three spatial levels (field, farm and landscape), is coupled with a relevant spatial pattern index (the Ripley L-function) to analyse the design and implementation of an agri-environmental programme aimed to preserve the Tetrax tetrax in the Plaine de Niort, France. The model is run using a stylised map with heterogeneous soil types and both crop growing and mixed dairy farms. Results show that valuable insights into agri-environmental programme design are gained through a detailed representation of farming system management. The suitable, non-aggregated spatial pattern for T. tetrax conservation is more costly than less-suitable, more aggregated patterns, because it tends to require equal participation of all farms. The policy simulations reveal that the various spatial patterns can be obtained through relatively simple uniform contract structures. An effective contract structure entails a set of two degressive payments which encourages all farms to enrol at least a small share of their land in the program. 相似文献
29.
30.
Petr Dostál 《Quantitative Finance》2013,13(2):231-242
We consider an agent who invests in a stock and a money market in order to maximize the asymptotic behaviour of expected utility of the portfolio market price in the presence of proportional transaction costs. The assumption that the portfolio market price is a geometric Brownian motion and the restriction to a utility function with hyperbolic absolute risk aversion (HARA) enable us to evaluate interval investment strategies. It is shown that the optimal interval strategy is also optimal among a wide family of strategies and that it is optimal also in a time changed model in the case of logarithmic utility. 相似文献