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111.
    
Discretely sampled variance and volatility swaps trade actively in OTC markets. To price these swaps, the continuously sampled approximation is often used to simplify the computations. The purpose of this paper is to study the conditions under which this approximation is valid. Our first set of theorems characterize the conditions under which the discretely sampled swap values are finite, given that the values of the continuous approximations exist. Surprisingly, for some otherwise reasonable price processes, the discretely sampled swap prices do not exist, thereby invalidating the approximation. Examples are provided. Assuming further that both swap values exist, we study sufficient conditions under which the discretely sampled values converge to their continuous counterparts. Because of its popularity in the literature, we apply our theorems to the 3/2 stochastic volatility model. Although we can show finiteness of all swap values, we can prove convergence of the approximation only for some parameter values.  相似文献   
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Conclusion The overall conclusion of this study is that a simple demand-for-money function of the type discussed above is justified on empirical grounds. We have also shown that the demand for money and the supply of money can be well estimated simultaneously in the West German case. The estimates we have provided avoid the biases of ordinary least squares and they also overcome some of the problems arising when the money supply is treated as an exogenous variable. Furthermore, the hypothesis that the money supply should be treated endogenously and not exogenously receives strong support from these estimates; what is more, the quantity of money supplied is responsive to some of the same variables which determine the quantity demanded. Finally, the money-supply function is shown to be well explained by the short-term interest rate, along with other variables; it is this short-term rate which links the supply function to the rest of the model. There is, therefore, a strong link between the monetary sector and the real sector via some interest rate, and consequently it is of paramount importance to take into consideration the monetary sector when constructing macroeconomic models. This is not always the case with some of the models reported in the literature.
Zusammenfassung Einige Untersuchungen der Geldangebots- und Nachfragefunktionen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1965–1974. — In den letzten Jahren wurden in einigen empirischen Untersuchungen Geldnachfragefunktionen gesch?tzt, wobei neuerdings die Ans?tze, in denen die Geldmenge als endogene Variable betrachtet wird, auch gleichzeitig eine Geldangebotsfunktion enthalten. Dieser Artikel befaΒt sich mit beiden Ans?tzen. Aus dieser Untersuchung l?Βt sich im allgemeinen schlieΒen, daΒ eine einfache Geldnachfragefunktion vom hier diskutierten Typ sich empirisch bew?hrt. Es wird auch gezeigt, daβ im Falle der Bundesrepublik das Geldangebot und die Geldnachfrage simultan gesch?tzt werden k?nnen. Die hier aufgeführten Sch?tzungen vermeiden sowohl den ?bias? der Methode des kleinsten Quadrats als auch die Probleme, die entstehen, wenn man das Geldangebot als eine exogene Variable betrachtet. Darüber hinaus wird durch die Sch?tzungen die Hypothese gestützt, daΒ die Geldmenge als endogene und nicht als exogene Variable behandelt werden sollte; wichtiger noch, es wird festgestellt, daΒ das Geldangebot auf einige der gleichen Variablen reagiert, die auch die Geldnachfrage bestimmen. SchlieΒlich erweist sich vor allem der kurzfristige Zinssatz als wichtige erkl?rende Variable für die Geldangebotsfunktion, die mit den anderen Sektoren des Modells durch diesen Zinssatz gekoppelt ist. Es gibt deshalb eine starke Verbindung zwischen dem monet?ren und realen Sektor über den Zinssatz — eine Erkenntnis, die bei der Konstruktion von makro?konomischen Modellen unbedingt zu berücksichtigen ist.

Résumé Quelques investigations des fonctions de demande et d’offre d’argent dans la République Fédérale d’Allemagne, 1965–1974. — Pendant les années dernières nombreuses études ont estimé des fonctions de demande d’argent ayant la tendance à intégrer les fonctions de demande d’argent et d’offre d’argent en traitant le stock d’argent comme une variable endogène. Cet article essaie d’épuiser les deux approches. On peut tirer la conclusion générale de cette étude qu’on peut justifier empiriquement une simple fonction de demande d’argent de la sorte que nous avons discutée. De plus nous avons montré qu’on peut bien estimer simultanement la demande d’argent aussi bien que l’offre d’argent concernant les cas d’Allemagne de l’Ouest. Les estimations faites évitent les distorsions des ordinaires carrés les plus minimes et aussi elles solutionnent quelques problèmes qui arrivent en traitant l’offre d’argent comme une variable exogène. De plus, à cause de ces estimations on peut soutenir essentiellement la hypothèse que l’offre d’argent devait être traitée endogènement et pas exogènement; en outre, la quantité d’argent offerte répond à un nombre des mêmes variables qui déterminent la quantité demandée. Finalement la fonction d’offre d’argent est bien expliquée par le taux d’intérêt à court terme, ensemble avec des autres variables; c’est ce taux à court terme donnant la connection entre la fonction d’offre et le reste du modèle. Cependant il y a une connection forte entre le secteur monétaire et le secteur réel via un taux d’intérêt, et en conséquence il est très important de considérer le secteur monetaire en construisant des modèles macroéconomiques.

Resumen Algunas investigaciones para funciones de demanda y de oferta de dinero en la República Federal de Alemania, 1965–1974. — En a?los recientes una serie de estudios empíricos han estimado funciones de demanda por dinero, siendo la última tendencia la de integrar funciones de demanda por dinero y oferta de dinero, tratando el stock de dinero como endógeno. Este artículo trata de abarcar ambos enfoques. La conclusión general del presente estudio es que una simple función de demanda por dinero del tipo discutido se justifica en términos empíricos. También se demuestra que la demanda por dinero y la oferta de dinero se pueden estimar muy bien simultàneamente en el caso de Alemania Occidental. Las estimaciones que hemos hecho evitan los sesgos de los mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y también remueven algunos de los problemas que surgen cuando la oferta de dinero es tratada como variable exógena. Además, la hipótesis que la oferta de dinero debería ser tratada endógenamente y no exógenamente es soportada fuertemente por estas estimaciones. Más aún, la cantidad de dinero ofrecida responde a algunas de las mismas variables que determinan la cantidad demandada. Finalmente, se muestra que la función de oferta de dinero se puede explicar muy bien por medio de la tasa de interés de corto plazo, junto con otras variables. Es esta tasa de corto plazo la que vincula la función de oferta con el resto del modelo. Por lo tanto existe un vínculo muy fuerte entre el sector monetario y el sector real via una tasa de interés y, consecuentemente, es de suma importancia tomar en consideratión el sector monetario cuando se construyen modelos macroeconómicos.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the likely effect of the abolition of company tax on the Ciskeian economy. After considering the case for and against a corporate tax exemption, the issues involved are analysed on two levels. Using aggregate data, drawn from available census data, we find that most firms seem likely either to prefer the existing package of industrial concessions to the tax holiday, or to be indifferent to either option. Similarly, a recent survey of manufacturing enterprises in Ciskei indicated that the majority would prefer the incentive package. Firms that might be attracted by the tax‐free option are likely to be relatively profitable, subsidiaries of multinational companies, and enjoying a higher turnover per worker than firms opting for the incentive package.  相似文献   
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ABSTRACT If labor is fairly mobile, as it is in the United States, one would expect that households would move from less desirable areas toward more desirable areas until all areas are equally desirable. The way that areas become equally desirable is through the impact of movers on wages and rents (and possibly \"endogenous\" disamenities, such as congestion or pollution). That is, as people move to desirable areas, they will increase the demand for land (raising rents) and increase the supply of labor (lowering wages); in equilibrium, the wage and rent \"compensation\" for the niceness of an area reveals, in dollar terms, just how nice the area is. Blomquist, Berger, and Hoehn 1988 demonstrated the empirical importance of such amenity compensation in estimates of the \"quality-of-life\" in urban areas. However, those authors were unable to include fringe benefits, which are about 40 percent of explicit wage payments, in their wage compensation. This matters greatly as amenities are seen here to be even more important than previously thought and the regional implications are pronounced, with the West and Southeast looking \"better\" when fringe benefits are included and the East North Central and Northeast looking substantially \"worse.\"  相似文献   
118.

Microlending, where a bank lends to a small group of people without credit histories, began with the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh, and is widely seen as the creation of Muhammad Yunus, who received the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his largely successful efforts. Since that time the modeling of microlending has received a fair amount of academic attention. One of the issues not yet addressed in full detail, however, is the issue of the size of the group. Some attention has nevertheless been paid using an experimental and game theory approach. We, instead, take a mathematical approach to the issue of an optimal group size, where the goal is to minimize the probability of default of the group. To do this, one has to create a model with interacting forces, and to make precise the hypotheses of the model. We show that the original choice of Muhammad Yunus, of a group size of five people, is, under the right, and, we believe, reasonable hypotheses, either close to optimal, or even at times exactly optimal, i.e., the optimal group size is indeed five people.

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119.
Risk-neutral compatibility with option prices   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
A common problem is to choose a “risk-neutral” measure in an incomplete market in asset pricing models. We show in this paper that in some circumstances it is possible to choose a unique “equivalent local martingale measure” by completing the market with option prices. We do this by modeling the behavior of the stock price X, together with the behavior of the option prices for a relevant family of options which are (or can theoretically be) effectively traded. In doing so, we need to ensure a kind of “compatibility” between X and the prices of our options, and this poses some significant mathematical difficulties.  相似文献   
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