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41.
Marek Czarny 《Telecommunications Policy》1995,19(9)
Since 1990 the telecommunication sector in Poland has been undergoing rapid development and modernization. It is heavily dominated by Telekommunikacja Polska SA (TP SA), a state-owned company which is split into 10 regional directorates. Although TP SA enjoys a legal monopoly only over international traffic, it is a de facto monopolist in the Polish market too. Apart from difficulties in funding local telephone operations, many of the difficulties facing private competitors to TP SA focus on interconnection and pricing issues. The Anti-monopoly Office, which seeks to restrict unfair competition and restrictive business practices, has been monitoring the compliance of TP SA with the statutory standards. In its business practices TP SA has been reluctant to meet the required standards, particularly these relating to the setting of tariffs. This has been found to have a restrictive effect on the emergence of competition in the form of local operators. 相似文献
42.
The dynamics of export market exit and firm closure have found limited attention in the new heterogeneous-firms trade literature. In fact, several of the predictions on firm survival and exit stemming from this new class of models are at odds with the stylized facts. Empirically, higher productivity firms survive longer, most firm closures are young firms, higher productivity exporters are more likely to continue to export compared to less productive exporters and market exits as well as firm closures are typically preceded by periods of contracting market shares. The present paper shows that the simple inclusion of exogenous economy wide technological progress into the standard Melitz (2003) model generates a tractable dynamic framework that generates endogenous exit decisions of firms in line with the stylized facts. Furthermore, we derive the effects of faster technological progress and trade liberalization on export market exit and firm closure. 相似文献
43.
Philipp von Carlowitz 《Intereconomics》2001,36(2):77-86
Enlargement of the EU will be associated with many costs for all participants— the prospective new members, the old memebers
and the EU institutions. A strategy should be pursued that reduces the economic costs as far as possible. This implies a postponement
of enlargement until the conditions are more favourable.
The author would like to thank Prof. El-Shagi El-Shagi and Dr. Dorothea Witter-Rieder for helful comments on an earlier draft
of this paper. 相似文献
44.
Hedge funds and financial stability: Regulating prime brokers will mitigate systemic risks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We review key characteristics of the hedge fund industry, and identify conditions under which this sector can pose a threat to financial stability. Direct regulation of hedge funds that increases transparency does not appear feasible, may create a moral-hazard problem, and may reduce market liquidity. Indirect regulation by prime brokers and market discipline by creditors, counterparties, and investors have been effective in limiting the risks from the hedge fund sector. To reduce systemic risks, more regulation of prime brokers is warranted to avoid competitive dynamics from undermining counterparty risk management practices. 相似文献
45.
The tendency of supervisors to judge an employee as either good or bad and then to seek out evidence supporting that earlier established opinion is regarded as one of the major problems of performance appraisal. We investigate the implications of this rater bias in a dynamic moral hazard model with a wealth‐constrained agent. Although rater bias weakens the agent's incentives to exert effort in late periods, at the same time it strengthens implicit incentives in early periods. Under the optimal contract, as long as rater bias is not overly strong, its adverse effect on late‐period incentives is fully offset by exploitation of stronger early‐period incentives and thereby leaves the principal's profits unchanged. 相似文献
46.
Cheng-Hao Chen Bang Nguyen Philipp “Phil” Klaus Meng-Shan Wu 《Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing》2015,32(8):953-970
This study explores the role of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in the consumer decision-making process when purchasing a holiday. Using an ethnographic approach, it explores the role of eWOM on consumers’ attitudes toward online reviews (eReviews) and their subsequent behavior. Across the consumer decision-making processes – information search, evaluation, and purchase – the study develops a conceptual framework with three eWOM dimensions: (1) motivation, (2) source, and (3) content. Findings explore the variations of eWOM’s influence across the decision-making stages with implications for theory and practice. The study further highlights implications for segmentation practices in the tourism industry. 相似文献
47.
48.
Drawing on a multiple case study approach and data on eight entrepreneurial teams observed over six months this article develops a dynamic model of the consequences of equity distribution among team members. Perceived justice of equity distribution emerged as a key variable influencing entrepreneurial team interactions and important entrepreneurial outcomes. High perceived justice triggered positive team interaction spirals, whereas low perceived justice triggered negative interaction spirals. Teams exposed to external threats drifted from a positive spiral to a negative spiral despite high perceived justice. We discuss the implications of our study for research on entrepreneurial imprints, justice, and exit. 相似文献
49.
Philipp Schlemmer Michael Barth Martin Schnitzer 《Journal of Convention & Event Tourism》2020,21(2):91-99
AbstractInterest in sport-related tourism increased perceptibly around the millennium, however, a comprehensive conceptual framework for a classification of sport (event) tourism is still missing. The predominant focus of sport tourism encompasses event-related touristic endeavors, such as mega sport events; however, an holistic approach to sport tourism suggests the need for further integration of other sub-areas such as nonevent-related components. This research note, therefore, provides a sport tourism perspective and a methodological approach to establishing the sport tourism cube as a necessary tool for the further distinction and integration of sport and event tourism. The research aim is, therefore, to build a foundation for further scientific research in sport tourism. 相似文献
50.
Andrew D. H. Farrell Marek J. Sergot Claudio Bartolini 《Group Decision and Negotiation》2007,16(3):213-254
We present work concerning the formal specification of business processes. It is of substantial benefit to be able to pin down the meaning of business processes precisely. This is an end in itself,
but we are also concerned to do so in order that we might prove properties about the business processes that are being specified.
It is a notable characteristic of most languages for representing business processes that they lack a robust semantics, and
a notable characteristic of most commercial Business Process Management products that they have no support for verification
of business process models. We define a high-level meta-model, called
Liesbet
, for representing business processes. The ontological commitments for
Liesbet
are sourced from the YAWL workflow patterns, which have been defined from studies into the behavioural nature of business
processes. A formal characterisation of
Liesbet
is provided using Milner’s Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS). In this article, we omit some of the technical details
of this characterisation and instead present the essential features by means of an abstract machine language, called LCCS.
We also explain how we have facilitated the verification of certain properties of business processes specified in
Liesbet
, and discuss how
Liesbet
supports the YAWL workflow patterns. We include a simple three-part example of using
Liesbet
. 相似文献