Wages,Productivity and Labour's Declining Income Share in Post‐Apartheid South Africa

The Marikana incident in 2012, as well as the protracted strikes by platinum miners, metal and postal workers in 2014 suggest that not all is well in the South African labour market. Even though those in employment are better off than the unemployed poor, macroeconomic data indicate that labour's share in gross value added has declined significantly during the first two decades following the first democratic election in 1994. A falling share of labour in income also means, by definition, that average labour productivity growth outstrips real wages growth. Data for South Africa suggest that productivity has indeed increased faster than wages in South Africa. This article argues that financialisation and more aggressive returns‐oriented investment strategies applied by for instance large investment institutions translated into higher required rates of return on capital, which in turn caused an increased implementation of capital‐augmenting labour‐saving technology that reduces labour's share in income.     

Recognizing Business Ethics: Practical and Ethical Challenges in Awarding Prizes for Good Corporate Behaviour

There seems to be a proliferation of prizes and rankings for ethical business over the past decade. Our principal aims in this article are twofold: to initiate an academic discussion of the epistemic and normative stakes in business-ethics competitions; and to help organizers of such competitions to think through some of these issues and the design options for dealing with them. We have been able to find no substantive literature – academic or otherwise – that addresses either of these two broad topics and audiences. Our modest aim, therefore, is to suggest an agenda of issues, and to begin to explore and analyse some of the possible arguments for and against various philosophical or practical solutions. Part I explores the challenges facing a prize-organizing committee, including problems derived from what Rawls calls the “fact of pluralism” in democratic societies (reasonable people will always disagree over some basic values, including those relevant to evaluating business practices), and epistemic issues about how we can justify qualitative judgments on the basis of incomplete quantitative data. We also try to identify risks and opportunity costs for ethics-prize granters. In Part II we spell out (a) a range of design options and (b) some advice about how any particular prize-awarding committee might select among these options to best achieve its goals (which typically involve highlighting and publicizing best practices for ethical business).     

The dynamics of small and medium-sized enterprises in Korea and other Asian NIEs

After a brief comparison of data on small and medium-sized enterprises in the four Asian newly industrialized economies (Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan), this paper deals with the existing or potential role of small firms in Korea's industrialization process; it reviews Korea's industrial heritage up to the post-Korean war period, then concentrates on the last three decades of very rapid industrial development and on the numerous issues facing the Korean economy today, especially in the field of big versus smallmedium scale business. This particular issue is again at the centre of policy changes, debates and controversies since the beginning of the 1990's.The major arguments of this paper can be summarized as follows: Very little is yet known about the history of Korean small entrepreneurship before World War II and how it might have affected later industrialization process after the Korean war. It seems that little indigenous industrial expertise was accumulated before and during colonial rule, this last period being dominated by the Japanese in a few big key industries, the very start of big scale business in Korea.     

Comparaison de la rentabilité des enterprises céréalières biologiques et en transition par rapport aux entreprises conventionnelles au Québec

Les données financières de 92 entreprises agricoles conventionnelles produisant un minimum de 20 hectares de céréales à paille et de 21 entreprises, biologiques ou en phase de transition avancée, cultivant au moins 15 hectares de céréales ont été extraites de la banque de données Agritel pour fins de comparaison. À partir des entreprises conventionnelles, quatre groupes sont formes: bas niveau d'intrants (BNI), haut niveau d'intrants (HNI), rendement faible (extensif) et rendement eleve (intensif).
Pour l'ensemble des céréales, ainsi que pour l'orge, les entreprises biologiques obtiennent des rendements et des charges significativement plus faibles par rapport á l'ensemble des entreprises conventionnelles. Ainsi, les marges brutes sont équivalentes. La dépendence des entreprises biologiques et conventionnelles vis-à-vis des aides gouvemementales contribue toutefois pour une part importante aux résultats obtenus. La rentabilité des entreprises biologiques est comparable à celle des entreprises conventionnelles au niveau global de l'entreprise.
Par rapport aux quatre sous-groupes formés, le groupe biologique se situe, pour les marges brutes sur les cultures entre les groupes les plus performants (groupes BNI et intensif) et les moins rentables (groupes HNI et extensif).
Des logiques de production totalement différentes peuvent done aboutir à des résultats économiques similaires, du moins á court terme.     

Probability Logic for Type Spaces

Using a formal propositional language with operators “individual i assigns probability at least α” for countably many α, we devise an axiom system which is sound and complete with respect to the class of type spaces in the sense of Harsanyi (1967–1968, Management Science, 14 159–182). A crucial inference rule requires that degrees of belief be compatible for any two sets of assertions which are equivalent in a suitably defined natural sense. The completeness proof relies on a theorem of the alternative from convex analysis, and uses the method of filtration by finite sub-languages. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D80, D82.     

Generalized neo‐additive capacities and updating

This paper shows that, for Choquet expected utility preferences, the axioms consquentialism, state independence and conditional certainty equivalent consistency under updating characterise a family of capacities, which we call Generalized Neo‐Additive Capacities (GNAC). This family contains as special cases, among others, neo‐additive capacities as introduced by Chateauneuf, Eichberger, and Grant, Hurwicz capacities, and ? ‐contaminations. Moreover, we will show that the convex version of a GNAC is the only capacity for which the core of the full Bayesian updates of a capacity, introduced by Jaffray, equals the set of Bayesian updates of the probability distributions in the core of the original capacity.