Developing new business-to-business professional services: What factors impact performance?

Business-to-business professional services has been a high growth area for over a decade. Increasing complexity and high technology characterizes this sector, making new product development both essential and risky for firms. Surprisingly little research has been done to understand the industrial professional services sector and, in particular, to discover what factors lead to new product success or failure, however. This article reports the results of an investigation that examines how professional services firms develop new products and what factors impact the performance of these ventures.     

Technical risk and new product success: An empirical test in high technology business markets

Following a methodology similar to the one used in Cooper's NewProd studies, this study examines the impact of technical risk on the ability to predict new product success in high technology business markets. Cooper's original 48 new product characteristics along with 10 new items measuring technical risk are used in examining 406 actual industrial new product success and failures. The findings show the importance of the addition of technical risk assessment in predicting the potential success or failure of new high technology industrial products.     

Globalizing the emerging high-technology company

Two traditional models of global expansion were evaluated in an exploratory effort to explain the globalization patterns of emerging high-technology companies. In-depth field interviews were conducted with 19 Massachusetts-based companies that supply software or peripheral products for desktop computing to explore: their timing and aggressiveness in entering markets outside of North America; their structures and patterns for expansion; and their success. Sampled companies report nondomestic revenues ranging from 6% to 58% of their totals. Statistical analyses of “globalization success,”, defined here as how quickly a company achieves substantial percentage of revenues from nondomestic markets, support an integrated model of globalization that combines a cluster of other influences with elements of Vernon's specific product cycle model and aspects of the more generic internationalization process models. In accordance with Vernon, high-tech products are developed primarily for the home market but are soon transferred overseas, more slowly to “lagging markets.” In contrast with Vernon, many different selling arrangements are employed, and overseas production does not follow for most high-tech firms. In accordance with the general internationalization theory, when high-tech companies perceive foreign markets as risky they proceed cautiously, often using outside specialists to facilitate market entry and increase their involvement over time as their familiarity increases. But in contrast with this, many high-tech firms, especially the most successful, do not even perceive such riskiness and do not exhibit such caution. Unrelated to either of those two models, and building upon the work of Ragman et al.[1], globalization success is most strongly linked to how aggressively senior management allocates internal resources to developing an overseas business model that approximates the company's u.S. model of selling/distributing. External environmental forces, too, such as the varied adoption rates of the underlying desktop computing platforms themselves as well as regulatory factors, also affect globalization of high-tech products and companies.     

大国协调与国际安全治理

大国协调是大国共同管理国际冲突与危机的一种多边安全机制。它主要通过会议外交和协商、共识来决策,并依据一致性、合法性、责任性、包容性和自我克制等共有规则与规范行事。从发展进程看,它经历了应对军事安全的传统大国协调和应对综合安全的新大国协调两个不同历史时期。由于大国协调在维持国际和平和解决重大国际危机中发挥着无可替代的作用,因此已成为国际安全治理的主渠道。目前的新大国协调既是对传统大国协调的重要延续,又出现了一些新的变化,如安全议题的多领域、会议机制的多轨道和常设性、成员数量的增多、规则与规范的低法律化和非强制性等。总体上看,在当前的国际环境中,新大国协调比传统大国协调更容易推行,但也存在诸多现实问题,因而必须从合法性、授权性和集中性诸方面予以改进。合法性主要是增强法律化和责任性;扩大授权性可以与权威国际组织缔结成一种委托-代理的关系;集中性的核心是建立一种更具内聚性的新的大国协调,即全球治理中心机制。     

振荡器非线性器件的特性对振荡解的影响的Volterra级数研究

本文应用Volterra级数分析非线性振荡器中非线性器件的特性对振荡稳态解的影响。     

国际关系中的网络政治及其治理困境

在网络化进程蓬勃发展的国际背景下,网络政治借助互联网的传播与组织功能,通过蝴蝶效应以及网络活动主义途径作用于国际关系。除了财富外,网络政治在国际关系的权力、身份、规则象限中都有其存在形式。国际关系中的网络政治并未超越权力政治,但网络时代的权力分配、权力范畴与权力性质却发生了一定改变。互联网使人们的思维结构与身份认同发生改变,世界不再仅仅以国界划分,而是辅之以认同划分。传统民族国家作为主要政治忠诚对象的地位被弱化,国家、市场和市民社会的各种行为体在重新平衡。信息网络还对国际制度转制、改制和创制形成了巨大的压力。信息革命中崛起的各种国际政治行为体不再屈服于强权政治,国际关系民主化的呼声越来越高。互联网的无政府状态特性、主权超越性以及技术影响不确定性都呼唤着网络政治的全球治理的出现,但是制度行动者、组织结构以及制度文化的限度决定了信息技术与制度互动的有限化以及网络政治的全球治理困境。     

国际关系中的司法干涉:新干涉时代来临

司法干涉是21世纪前十年中的一种重要法律现象,是人道干涉在20世纪90年代遭遇抵制之后的产物,分为国家层面的司法干涉和国际司法机构层面的司法干涉两种形式。国家层面的司法干涉主要体现在国家行使普遍刑事管辖和普遍民事管辖两方面;国际司法机构层面的司法干涉则主要体现在国家通过国际刑事司法机构来对发生在他国的犯罪行使管辖方面。随着国际法院2007年针对《灭种罪公约》适用案判决的做出以及澳大利亚诉日本案的出现,基于普遍性法律利益的司法干涉作为一种新形式构成了司法干涉的新发展。司法干涉一方面能促进实现国际正义,维护国际社会的整体利益,另一方面也给现存国际秩序带来了挑战。对于中国而言,司法干涉既带来了挑战,也提供了机遇。中国有必要认真评估此种法律现象,根据不同司法干涉现象不同合法性特质来确定不同的应对策略。     

适中论

当代的主调是和平与发展；在这个当代，本文尝试从人文、社科、科技三个方面共十个命题，论述一个观点，“为了适，必须中”：（１）人文思考——哲理，历史；（２）社科评价——政治运动，宣传导向，经济体制，收获递减律；（３）科技分析——数学的极值，系统工程的优化技术，材料物理的能量学与动力学分析，功能（性能、才能）过剩     

Foreign aid and fiscal behavior in a bounded rationality model: Different policy regimes

We examine how the source of foreign aid affects the composition of the recipient government's spending. Does the source of aid – bilateral or multilateral – influence recipient policy-makers' choice between development and nondevelopment expenditure? We depart from previous literature by introducing strong asymmetries in policy-makers' preferences. With the financial constraints set by foreign aid and domestic revenues, this formalization allows us to model and estimate the fiscal behavior of government policy-makers in the presence of foreign aid.     

Reliability Differentiation of Electricity Transmission

In many jurisdictions, electric utility restructuring has included the creation of an independent system operator (ISO) to dispatch generation, establish the market-clearing price, and allocate limited transmission capacity among users. This paper differentiates reliability through rate unbundling. We propose a capacity reservation tariff (CRT) to induce the users to self-select their preferred levels of reliability. Based on these self-selected reliability levels, the ISO can efficiently allocate limited transmission capacity. Our proposed CRT can be a practical solution to the transmission congestion problem faced by the California ISO in the implementation of retail access.