Shift work in nursing: is it really a risk factor for nurses' health and patients' safety?

There is evidence in the scientific literature of the adverse physiological and psychological effects of shift work, including disruption to biological rhythm, sleep disorders, health problems, diminished performance at work, job dissatisfaction, and social isolation. In this study, the results of health problems and sleep disorders between female and male nurses, between daytime and shift nurses, and between sleep-adjusted and non-sleep-adjusted shift nurses were compared. Also the relationship between adjustment to shift work and organizational outcomes (errors and incidents and absenteeism from work) was analyzed. Gender, age, and weight were more significant factors than shift work in determining the well-being of nurses. Shift work by itself was not found to be a risk factor for nurses' health and organizational outcomes in this study. Moreover, nurses who were identified as being "non-adaptive" to shift work were found to work as effectively and safely as their adaptive colleagues in terms of absenteeism from work and involvement in professional errors and accidents. This research adds two additional findings to the field of shift work studies. The first finding is that female shift workers complain significantly more about sleep disorders than male shift workers. Second, although high rates of nurses whose sleep was not adapted to shift work were found, this did not have a more adverse impact on their health, absenteeism rates, or performance (reported errors and incidents), compared to their "adaptive" and "daytime" colleagues.     

海洋旅游地理和海上旅游资源利用

一、总观在社会再生产过程中,海洋环境的作用越来越大,在消遣方面也有所反映,而消遣是为恢复劳动力作准备的。海洋沿岸许多地区及其水域,在相应季节和有利的地方,其强烈的吸引力产生了两种利用类型之间的相互影响,这两种利用类型就是海上旅游和供人们度假时临时居住的景色最优美、气候最宜人的沿岸地区的开发。到这种地方去游憩虽然是古已知之的一种消遣方式,但游客成群结队作海上旅行还是近几十年才有的新现象。这就是本章要特别强调海洋旅游的原因,尤其是现在把“商务旅行”、“研究旅行”、宗教朝圣和消遣旅行都看作旅游(如世界旅游组织所解释的),突出这方面的内容更有必要。