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41.
Factors facilitating collusion may not successfully predict cartel occurrence: When a factor predicts that collusion (explicit and tacit) becomes easier, firms might be less inclined to set up a cartel simply because tacit coordination already tends to go in hand with supra-competitive profits. We illustrate this issue with laboratory data. We run n-firm Cournot experiments with written cheap-talk communication between players and we compare them to treatments without the possibility to talk. We conduct this comparison for two, four, and six firms. We find that two firms indeed find it easier to collude tacitly but that the number of firms does not significantly affect outcomes with communication. As a result, the payoff gain from communication increases with the number of firms, at a decreasing rate. 相似文献
42.
Contest theory has been used in Industrial Organization to describe phenomena like R&D races, or efforts to defend a monopoly position. When pricing behavior is constrained by regulators, competition can also take the form of a contest. This paper reports on an experimental test of the effects of asymmetry in the Tullock contest success function. Both the simultaneous-move and sequential-move frameworks are considered. Despite high levels of overbidding across the different conditions, the introduction of asymmetries in the contest function generates experimental behavior on aggregate qualitatively consistent with the theoretical predictions. At the individual level, behavior seems divided into those subjects who bid very high amounts and those who bid very low amounts. 相似文献
43.
Women’s rights and development 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Why has the expansion of women’s economic and political rights coincided with economic development? This paper investigates this question by focusing on a key economic right for women: property rights. The basic hypothesis is that the process of development (i.e., capital accumulation and declining fertility) exacerbated the tension in men’s conflicting interests as husbands versus fathers, ultimately resolving them in favor of the latter. As husbands, men stood to gain from their privileged position in a patriarchal world whereas, as fathers, they were hurt by a system that afforded few rights to their daughters. The model predicts that declining fertility would hasten reform of women’s property rights whereas legal systems that were initially more favorable to women would delay them. The theoretical relationship between capital and the relative attractiveness of reform is non-monotonic but growth inevitably leads to reform. I explore the empirical validity of the theoretical predictions by using cross-state variation in the US in the timing of married women obtaining property and earning rights between 1850 and 1920. 相似文献
44.
This article uses fuzzy set qualitative methods, with Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2014 data, to show differences in the entrepreneurial determinants between European developed countries and non-European developing countries. We first estimate baseline regression models and then develop fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to study the necessary and sufficient conditions of entrepreneurial activity. Results indicate that, while in Europe, the key determinants are education and technological equity; individuals in developing and nondeveloped countries tend to be, or become, entrepreneurs independently of the macroeconomic background. 相似文献
45.
Reinaldo Lourival Silvia Morales de Queiroz Caleman Ana Raquel Ribeiro 《Ecological Economics》2008,67(1):20-31
Biodiversity policies are suffering an implementation crisis; the roots are deeply entrenched in the unfair competition between the public and private interests for suitable versus available land. In this article we propose a value-based equivalence method for compensation for the 20% compulsory reserves in the Taquari River sub-catchments, as legally required for central savannas of Brazil. Using regression techniques we analyzed 106 land deals in the Pantanal's watershed and identified the most significant variables influencing land value. We argue that the commonly used area-for-area, compensation mechanism, where 1 ha of compulsory reserve is missing, requires another hectare protected in the same catchments, instead of counteract habitat loss, is in fact harmful to biodiversity, stimulating progressive habitat destruction. We identified the economic forces behind deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the central savannahs of Brazil and proposed a market-based approach to counteract these forces using tools already available in environmental economics. We suggest that a dollar-for-dollar reference to determine land equivalence and compensation can better counter-balance the incremental losses from habitat destruction, while providing objectivity and transparency for trading alternatives. 相似文献
46.
Abstract. It is well-known that the legal form adopted by a firm determines the type of legal responsibility borne by its owners in
case of bankruptcy. In this paper we argue that a firm under a limited liability status should be characterized by a higher
than average bankruptcy probability, which ultimately captures their risk exposure when output is affected by exogenous shocks.
To test this prediction we extend Lee's (1976) switching regressions model to a panel dataset of 1313 Spanish firms from 1990–1994,
separating them into corporate and entrepreneurial forms (with/without limited liability, respectively). We consider both
random effects and fixed effects panel data models, taking into account the potential endogeneity between risk exposure and
the legal form choice. Our results confirm the hypothesis that firms under limited liability have significant higher risk
exposure than firms under unlimited liability.
The authors gratefully acknowledge valuable suggestions from Maite Martínez-Granado, A. Jorge Padilla, Javier Suárez and two
anonymous referees. Data and financial support provided by the Fundación Empresa Pública (Madrid) and comments from participants
at seminars held at CEMFI, Simposio de Análisis Económico and Universidad de Vigo are also sincerely appreciated. Mr. Campos
particularly acknowledges research funding by the University of Las Palmas. 相似文献
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Pablo Fonseca P.dos Santos 《金融与发展》2005,42(2):50-52
2005年3月,巴西宣布不再续整与国际货币基金组织的协议。与国际货币基金组织连续进行规划合作6年后的此项决定,成为一个重要的里程碑,标志着巴西的非凡经济之旅。 相似文献
50.
Luiz Renato Lima Wagner Piazza Gaglianone Raquel M.B. Sampaio 《Journal of development economics》2008
In this paper we investigate fiscal sustainability by using a quantile autoregression (QAR) model. We propose a novel methodology to separate periods of nonstationarity from stationary ones, allowing us to identify various trajectories of public debt that are compatible with fiscal sustainability. We use such trajectories to construct a debt ceiling, that is, the largest value of public debt that does not jeopardize long-run fiscal sustainability. We make an out-of-sample forecast of such a ceiling and show how it could be used by Policy makers interested in keeping the public debt on a sustainable path. We illustrate the applicability of our results using Brazilian data. 相似文献