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151.
K. Ravi Kumar 《Managerial and Decision Economics》1987,8(3):235-242
This paper identifies a theoretical basis for the existence of strategic groups. We represent the competitive marketplace by means of a game-theoretic model and motivate the existence of markets wherein the only Nash solution may be in mixed strategies. Given deterministic behavior on the part of the firms, we interpret this solution in terms of a strategic groups equilibrium. The major implication of this analysis is that strategic groups can exist even if there is no inherent asymmetry (in terms of skills) between firms. 相似文献
152.
Risks for the Long Run: A Potential Resolution of Asset Pricing Puzzles 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
We model consumption and dividend growth rates as containing (1) a small long‐run predictable component, and (2) fluctuating economic uncertainty (consumption volatility). These dynamics, for which we provide empirical support, in conjunction with Epstein and Zin's (1989) preferences, can explain key asset markets phenomena. In our economy, financial markets dislike economic uncertainty and better long‐run growth prospects raise equity prices. The model can justify the equity premium, the risk‐free rate, and the volatility of the market return, risk‐free rate, and the price–dividend ratio. As in the data, dividend yields predict returns and the volatility of returns is time‐varying. 相似文献
153.
We show how an apparently welfare improving phenomenon likean increase in the wage of the male member of a family can resultin a seemingly paradoxical result where the entire family isworse off. There is male and female specialization in activitiessuch that the female member is involved in a community levelpublic good. A rise in the male wage leads to adjustment ofhousehold time allocation with the male working more in themarket and less on household activities. In turn, the femaleworks more on household activities and less on the communitypublic good, failing to internalize the negative externalityimposed on other members of the community. Under quite generalconditions the implied negative effect can more than offsetthe positive effect of the male wage raise, and the entire familyis worse off. The theoretical results are consistent with empiricalfindings in the literature. 相似文献
154.
Previous studies on strategic groups have examined issues such as the identification of strategic groups, the relationship between strategic groups structure and industry performance, and the movement of strategic groups over time. In contrast to previous studies, this paper uses the analytical concepts of game theory to explore the question of what strategic groups will exist in the future. These benchmark (future) strategic groups represent long-run strategic positions available within an industry and thus reference points for firms in developing sustainable competitive strategies. The benchmark strategic groups are discussed and comments are offered to illustrate how firms can use the benchmark information to redirect their strategic positions in order to survive and remain competitive in the long run. 相似文献
155.
Raveendra N Batra 《Journal of Economic Theory》1974,8(1):50-63
The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of uncertainty for resource allocation, real income, and income distribution in terms of a simple two-sector general equilibrium model of a small country where uncertainty is introduced by assuming that production in one sector occurs in a stochastic environment. Assuming decreasing risk aversion, we show that an increase in uncertainty causes the movement of the resources away from the uncertain sector, a decline in expected real income, and a shift in the distribution of income against the factor employed intensively by the uncertain sector. 相似文献
156.
S. M. Ravi Kanbur 《World development》1987,15(12)
The object of this paper is to set out a methodology for analyzing the impact on the poor in less developed countries (LDCs) of adjustment to disturbances arising in the international sectors sectors of these economies. The methodology is not based on a detailed general equilibrium model of the whole economy, but instead focuses on the effects of the adjustment process on the sectoral composition of national output and expenditure. The paper provides a framework for the calculation of quantitative estimates of the impact of adjustment on poverty using household income and expenditure surveys currently available in LDCs. It is proposes the use of decomposable poverty indices as a tractable vehicle for calculating the impact of adjustment on overall poverty. This framework does require, however, reasonably disaggregated data on income distribution. 相似文献
157.
We propose and investigate a hierarchy of bimatrix games (A, B), whose (entry-wise) sum of the pay-off matrices of the two players is of rank k, where k is a constant. We will say the rank of such a game is k. For every fixed k, the class of rank k-games strictly generalizes the class of zero-sum games, but is a very special case of general bimatrix games. We study both the expressive power and the algorithmic behavior of these games. Specifically, we show that even for k = 1 the set of Nash equilibria of these games can consist of an arbitrarily large number of connected components. While the question of exact polynomial time algorithms to find a Nash equilibrium remains open for games of fixed rank, we present polynomial time algorithms for finding an ε-approximation. 相似文献
158.
Ravi Ramamurti 《Thunderbird国际商业评论》2000,42(5):611-617
159.
Without the assumption of conditional homoskedasticity, a general asymptotic distribution theory for the two-stage cross-sectional regression method shows that the standard errors produced by the Fama–MacBeth procedure do not necessarily overstate the precision of the risk premium estimates. When factors are misspecified, estimators for risk premiums can be biased, and the t -value of a premium may converge to infinity in probability even when the true premium is zero. However, when a beta-pricing model is misspecified, the t -values for firm characteristics generally converge to infinity in probability, which supports the use of firm characteristics in cross-sectional regressions for detecting model misspecification. 相似文献
160.
Recent studies of mutual funds have concluded that there is some evidence of superior performance. We test for the existence of superior performance and its persistence with mutual funds and mutual fund investment advisers on a data set of monthly returns from 1979 to 1989 for 1,387 mutual funds grouped by 243 advisers. We find no evidence of superior performance or its persistence but we do find significant evidence of persistence of inferior performance. Consistent with previous studies our findings depend on the benchmark chosen, with multiple benchmarks producing a larger degree of inferior performance. 相似文献