全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7620篇 |
免费 | 196篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 1452篇 |
工业经济 | 613篇 |
计划管理 | 1360篇 |
经济学 | 1546篇 |
综合类 | 113篇 |
运输经济 | 61篇 |
旅游经济 | 98篇 |
贸易经济 | 1323篇 |
农业经济 | 375篇 |
经济概况 | 873篇 |
邮电经济 | 4篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 35篇 |
2021年 | 58篇 |
2020年 | 118篇 |
2019年 | 153篇 |
2018年 | 175篇 |
2017年 | 169篇 |
2016年 | 182篇 |
2015年 | 118篇 |
2014年 | 174篇 |
2013年 | 944篇 |
2012年 | 248篇 |
2011年 | 268篇 |
2010年 | 247篇 |
2009年 | 253篇 |
2008年 | 282篇 |
2007年 | 240篇 |
2006年 | 244篇 |
2005年 | 207篇 |
2004年 | 185篇 |
2003年 | 203篇 |
2002年 | 216篇 |
2001年 | 172篇 |
2000年 | 145篇 |
1999年 | 167篇 |
1998年 | 125篇 |
1997年 | 133篇 |
1996年 | 124篇 |
1995年 | 106篇 |
1994年 | 102篇 |
1993年 | 100篇 |
1992年 | 95篇 |
1991年 | 87篇 |
1990年 | 80篇 |
1989年 | 77篇 |
1988年 | 74篇 |
1987年 | 74篇 |
1986年 | 85篇 |
1985年 | 113篇 |
1984年 | 102篇 |
1983年 | 96篇 |
1982年 | 89篇 |
1981年 | 86篇 |
1980年 | 84篇 |
1979年 | 73篇 |
1978年 | 79篇 |
1977年 | 96篇 |
1976年 | 47篇 |
1975年 | 53篇 |
1974年 | 56篇 |
1973年 | 44篇 |
排序方式: 共有7818条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Richard Henderson 《Economic Affairs》1986,6(6):45-46
Education vouchers ore conventionally attacked by commentators who prefer to maintain the dominance of the srate in the supply of education. Richard Henderson, of the stockbrokers Sheppards & Chase, analyses the vulnerability of vouchers to capture by pressure group and therefore argues for a genuine market in education without the compromise of vouchers. 相似文献
22.
23.
The use of transferable discharge permits as a water pollution control policy is rapidly increasing in the United States. Drawing on evidence from existing water quality trading programs, this paper provides a taxonomy of the forms that such markets take. Four main structures are identified: exchanges, bilateral negotiations, clearinghouses, and sole-source offsets. Each of these structures has its own strengths and weaknesses; none is optimal for all scenarios. Since market structure is largely determined by a program's rules, policy makers should be aware of the differences between these structures and the conditions under which each comes to be. 相似文献
24.
Until the stock market bubble burst in 2000–2002, most CFOs viewed their defined benefit pension plans as profit centers and relatively risk‐free sources of income. Since neither pension assets nor liabilities were reported on corporate balance sheets, and expected returns on pension stocks could be substituted for actual returns when reporting net income, the risks associated with DB plans were masked by GAAP accounting and thus assumed to have no bearing on corporate capital structure. But when stock prices and corporate profits fell together, the risks associated with conventional stock‐heavy pension plans showed up first in reduced pension surpluses (or, in many cases, deficits) and then later in higher required cash contributions and lower reported earnings. As a consequence, today's investors (and rating agencies) are viewing pension and other legacy liabilities as corporate debt, and demands for transparency and increased funding have triggered accounting changes and proposed legislative reforms that will further unmask the economics. This article aims to provide both private‐sector and public‐sector CFOs with suggestions for reducing and controlling the cost of providing for the retirement of their employees. Profitable, tax‐paying companies with DB plans should consider (1) funding any unfunded liabilities (if necessary, by issuing debt) and (2) reducing pension equity and interest rate exposures by shifting some (if not all) pension assets into bonds and defeasing the pension liability (achieving a tax arbitrage in the process). And in cases where the expected costs of maintaining DB plans outweigh the benefits, companies should consider freezing or terminating their plans and switching to a defined contribution (DC) or some form of hybrid plan. The authors also propose similar changes for public pension plans, where underfunding and mismatch problems are greater, less transparent, and in some ways less tractable than those of corporate DB plans. 相似文献
25.
Richard J. Butler Marjorie L. Baldwin William G. Johnson† 《The Journal of risk and insurance》2006,73(2):309-334
We extend the research on postinjury employment by estimating productivity losses for workers with permanent partial disabilities (PPDs) in the first three years after injury. Our method distinguishes between productivity losses attributed to spells of work absence versus reduced earnings during spells of employment. The method is applied to data for 800 Ontario workers with PPDs. The results document large productivity losses persisting at least three years after injury, with different loss patterns for workers returning to stable versus unstable employment. Human capital investments or job accommodations can reduce productivity losses, but the significant determinants of losses differ for the stable versus unstable employment groups. 相似文献
26.
Wayne H. Howard Robert W. Blake Thomas O. Knight C. Richard Shumway Michael A. Tomaszewski 《Agricultural Economics》1992,7(1):77-90
A method of combining survey data and Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) records to achieve low cost farm trials is presented. Farm trials and surveys of current practices and production responses are useful to identify yield gaps between expectations predicted from experimental findings and actual field results. Different management schemes can be ranked using subjective probabilities and stochastic dominance to enhance successful implementation of research findings and to increase the feedback between researchers, extension workers, and producers. A survey of current masitis control practices and expected milk yield response is the example. Combining survey results with DHIA records allowed estimating the relationship between somatic cell counts (SCC) and milk yield. Eliciting beliefs about the relationship between SCC and milk yield showed that producers agreed with predictions from the statistical model. Subjective probabilities about SCC and mastitis control practices showed that our sample of experts and producers consistently ranked the different practices but extension agents had no consensus about the the most or least effective ones. 相似文献
27.
It has long been argued that the Japanese production organization is culture-bound and therefore not transferable to other countries. This article examines seven major Japanese automobile assembly plants and over 270 Japanese automotive parts suppliers in the US. The successful transfer of Japanese work and production organization in these ‘transplants’ suggests that Japanese production practices are organizational forms which can be uncoupled from Japanese culture and transferred to other countries. 相似文献
28.
Jacob De Rooy 《Business Economics》2006,41(4):29-38
Management fees of mutual funds are more costly to
investors than is often realized. Moreover, research indicates
that in many cases, the fees are not related to performance,
contrary to what might be expected from an efficient market. This study uses sample data to illustrate
the consequences of inefficiency to an individual investor.
It then turns to an empirical examination of the determinants
of the ratio of management fees to total assets
(MER), investigating market concentration, fund performance,
and non-performance characteristics as
explanatory variables. All of these classes of variables
contributed to the variation of MERs .
JEL Classification G23 相似文献
29.
David De la Croix 《De Economist》1994,142(2):193-209
Summary We analyse the impact of wage envy on employment and on its sectorial allocation. A multi-sector general equilibrium model in which externalities among sectors arise through wage envy and decentralized bargaining is presented. In the no externality case, sectorial employment is a function of sectorial productivity and of the disutility of work. In the externality case, sectorial employment is additionally affected by union power in all sectors (with a negative sign even though bargaining is efficient), by the productivity in the other sectors (with an undetermined sign) and by the relative average propensity to consume goods of this sector (with a positive sign).Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, FNRS and Université Catholique de Louvain. I would like to thank Franz Palm for valuable comments on an earlier draft. This paper benefitted also from discussions with Torben Andersen, Jacques Drèze and Henri Sneessens (without implying them in any mistake). The detailed comments of the anonymous referee contributed to a large extent to clarify the exposition of the model. 相似文献
30.
Richard P. O’Neill Emily Bartholomew Fisher Benjamin F. Hobbs Ross Baldick 《Journal of Regulatory Economics》2008,34(3):220-250
The general design for the real-time electricity market presented in this paper optimizes and prices both real and reactive
power simultaneously in an AC setting, where all assets—generation, load and transmission—are allowed to bid and are financially
settled at the locational price times energy consumed or produced. The result is that transmission lines are compensated for
both capacity and admittance, providing incentives for efficient operation of transmission-related assets such as FACTS devices,
if price-taking behavior is assumed. Losses are incorporated into the design and become an operating cost for transmission.
The market design is shown to be revenue neutral and, under some assumptions, nonconfiscatory.
相似文献