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181.
Whale shark tourism is a growing niche market within the marine wildlife tourism sector. Increased visitation and declining whale shark numbers at some tourism sites worldwide raise questions over the long-term sustainability of this industry. This study examines the social and potential biological impacts of “swim-with” whale shark tourism on Isla Holbox, Mexico. A total of 397 tour participants completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding perceived crowding, reported encounters and encounter norms, as well as self-reported physical contact rates with whale sharks. Relatively high physical contact rates suggest that tourism may cause some harm to sharks. Users who encountered more swimmers than their norm felt significantly more crowded and were more likely to perceive the industry as having a negative impact on the sharks and surrounding environment. However, the results suggest that the number of boats in the whale shark viewing area may have a greater influence on crowding than number of swimmers. Management interventions to improve the sustainability of the industry include improved interpretation and guide intervention, achieving higher compliance with existing guidelines, and limiting the number of boats allowed in the whale shark viewing area. 相似文献
182.
In South Africa the distribution of land rights remains a major manifestation and cause of injustice, only slowly affected by the constitutionally mandated programme of land restitution, redistribution and tenure reform. The Transformation of Certain Rural Areas Act 94, 1998 (Trancraa) is the first post-apartheid legislation to reform ‘communal’ land tenure. It applies to 23 former ‘coloured rural areas’ and was introduced in six areas in Namaqualand in the Northern Cape Province during 2001–2. In a different, contested process a Communal Land Rights Bill for the former ‘homelands’ was published in August 2002, adopted by Cabinet in 2003 and signed into law in July 2004. While the Communal Land Rights Act relies on ‘traditional councils’ with a majority of non-elected members, Trancraa was enacted in the context of the 1997 White Paper of South African Land Policy and focused on community choice and the role of municipalities. The consultative process in Namaqualand was driven by civil society organisations and community actors, but did not include the training, finance and development support needed to transform rural relations among people affected by unemployment, land scarcity and weak local organisations. To promote procedural and substantive justice, tenure reform must honour the human rights of equality, redress and land development support articulated in land policy and the Constitution. 相似文献
183.
David J. Cooper 《Economic Theory》2007,33(1):1-10
This article introduces the articles contained in the symposium on behavioral game theory. I break economic experiments studying
game theory into three broad classes: (1) experiments studying and possibly modifying the assumptions that serve as foundations
for game theory; (2) experiments that perform economic engineering, testing existing institutions with the aim of designing
better ones; and (3) experiments designed to test theories which apply game theory to fields such as industrial organization.
相似文献
184.
In a comprehensive study of 252 new product histories at 123 firms, Robert Cooper and Elko Kleinschmidt looked critically at the new products management process. Each company was shown a set of 13 activities which formed a general "skeleton" of a new product process. This article examines how this structure was modified by the companies and how well various stages of the process were reportedly executed. The results show a variety of practices among the surveyed companies. While the presence of activities cannot guarantee successful new products, certain activities were singled out as particularly weak. Firms should consider placing more emphasis on market studies, initial screening activities, and preliminary market assessment. The article provides a thoughtful assessment of the level of implementation of current practices in new products management. 相似文献
185.
This study is the first to examine the predictive validity of the Karnani and Wernerfelt theoretical model. We developed measures for four variables, and explored whether they successfully operationalized the dimensions in the theoretical model. The model proposed four response strategies, and six were observed in the data. Incumbent firms most frequently did not respond at all to another firm's entry, even though a counterattack response was predicted by the model. Since the independent variables did not predict responses as proposed by the model, exploratory analyses identified “best” predictors of responses. 相似文献
186.
187.
Jooseop Lim Imran S. Currim Rick L. Andrews 《International Journal of Research in Marketing》2005,22(4):24
While a significant literature has emerged recently on the longer-term effects of price promotions, as inferred from persistence models, there is very little if any attention paid to whether such longer-term effects vary across different types of consumers. This paper takes a first step in that direction by exploring whether the adjustment, permanent, and total effects of price promotions, and the duration of the adjustment period, differ between consumers segmented based on their usage rates in a product category and their loyalty to a brand. We also investigate whether such consumer segmentation will improve the forecasting performance of persistence models at both product category and brand levels. Expectations are developed based on consumer behavior theory on various effects of price promotions, such as the post-deal trough, the mere purchase effect, the promotion usage effect, and responsiveness to competitor's reactions. Evidence from household-level supermarket scanner data on four product categories is provided. We find substantial differences between consumer segments and provide insights on how managers can increase the longer-term effectiveness of price promotions by targeting each consumer segment with a different promotion program. In addition, consumer segmentation is found to significantly improve the forecasting performance of the persistence model for two of the four product categories. For the other two product categories, consumer segmentation provides forecasting performance similar to that obtained from aggregate-level persistence models. 相似文献
188.
Archishman Chakraborty Nandini Gupta Rick Harbaugh 《The Rand journal of economics》2006,37(1):176-194
Should a seller with private information sell the best or worst goods first? Considering the sequential auction of two stochastically equivalent goods, we find that the seller has an incentive to impress buyers by selling the better good first because the seller's sequencing strategy endogenously generates correlation in the values of the goods across periods. When this impression effect is strong enough, selling the better good first is the unique pure‐strategy equilibrium. By credibly revealing to all buyers the seller's ranking of the goods, an equilibrium strategy of sequencing the goods reduces buyer information rents and increases expected revenues in accordance with the linkage principle. 相似文献
189.
190.
Roger J. Calantone Ph.D. Robert G. Cooper Ph.D. 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1979,7(3):163-183
This investigation of product failure has enabled the development and validation of a typology of new product failure. The
methodology used, namely MDA combined with ANOVAS and Duncan Multiple Range Tests, represents a new application for these
familiar analysis tools—an application which marketing managers may find useful in the analysis of their own product failures.
At the same time the six scenarios developed provide the basis for a classification scheme for post-hoc analysis of failures
in an industrial setting. This is the first time a classification scheme for product failures has been constructed using empirical
data and these analysis techniques. Besides being rigorously developed and validated, the scenarios are intuitively plausible
and appear to make sense to the manager. 相似文献